PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS TEST REVIEW Flashcards
Life on earth is ___
Carbon based
Organic chemistry is the study of __
Carbon compounds
Why is carbon important in biochemistry
Carbon has 4 available covalent bonds which allow other atoms to bond to. Has the ability to form straight bonds with different types of elements allowing it to have a huge variety of complex molecules
Examples of carbon bonded molecules (4)
Polypeptide, glucose, lipids, triglyceride (neutral fat)
What is a polymer
large molecule formed from larger subunits of smaller molecules
Examples of polymers
DNA, Starch, Protein
What’s another name for polymerization
Dehydration synthesis
How does dehydration synthesis work
Monomers become a polymer and water is produced
What’s the opposite of dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
How does hydrolysis work
Uses water to break apart polymers into monomers. its the opposite of dehydration synthesis
What does the process of hydrolysis usually use and what’s it called
Enzymes called hydrolytic enzymes
Monomer
molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to create a polymer
Polymer
Multiple
What elements are proteins composed of?
C, H, O, sometimes N, S
What are ALL proteins composed of and how are they linked together?
They are composed of amino acids and linked by dehydration synthesis.
How many types of amino acids are there?
20
Examples of structural proteins and its function (3)
Keratin (hair, nails), collagen and elastin (skin)
Examples of proteins used for muscle function (2)
Actin and Myosin used for movement
Examples of enzymes and its function (3)
Lactase, sucrase, maltase. Used to speed up chemical reactions. Most enzymes end with “Ace”.
Examples of protein hormones and its function (3)
- Insulin used to lower blood sugar.
- Glucagon used to raise blood sugar.
- There are also growth hormones. Individuals that lack this suffer from dwarfism.
Example of blood protein and its function
Hemoglobin. It is found in red blood cells and are used to carry O2, CO2, and H+ ions.
Example of Immunoglobin
Antibodies. Used to attach specific virus receptor to prevent virus from replicating.
Examples of plasma protein (2)
Fibrinogen and Prothrombin. They are used in blood clotting. All plasma protein is made in the liver.
Where are carrier/channel proteins found and what are the functions?
They are found in cells. Its purpose is to transport molecules in and out of the cell
What is microfilament/microtubules and its function?
They form the cytoskeleton of a cell. It keeps the cell structure from collapsing.
What do R groups do to an amino acid?
R groups (remainder) determines the type of amino acid it becomes
What is the word used to link amino acids to create a chain?
Polymerization and dehydration synthesis
What is the bond that connects the amino acids called?
Peptide bonds
1 amino acid is called
Amino acid
2 amino acid linked is called
Dipeptide
3 amino acid linked is called
Tripeptide
More than 5 amino acids linked is
Polypeptide
50-70 amino acids linked is called
Protein
Why do all proteins have different shapes?
They have different shapes because proteins have different functions
What does primary structure look like
Chain of amino acids
Examples of primary structure
Actin/myosin (muscles)
What are the bonds associated with primary structure
Peptide bonds
Cause of the shape on primary structure
Peptide bonds between amino acids
What does secondary structure look like
Twisting of helix
Examples of secondary structure
Elastin (skin)
What are the bonds associated with secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds
Cause of the shape on secondary structure
Occurs because of partially positive H and a partially negative O
What does tertiary structure look like
3D globular shape composed of 1 and 2 level structure of1 proteins
Examples of tertiary structure
Enzymes
What are the bonds associated with tertiary structure
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, disulfide bonds
Cause of the shape on tertiary structure
R groups
What does the quartenary structure look like
More than one tertiary protein together into a globular mass
Examples of quartenary structure
Hemoglobin
What are the bonds associated with quartenary structure
Multiple. Ionic, hydrogen, covalent, sulfur, disulfide bonds
Cause of the shape on quartenary structure
Between R groups
What is denaturation in protein
Process where a protein’s shape is altered causing it to lose its function
3 methods of denaturation in protein, what bonds are affected and examples:
- Temperature, hydrogen bonds, egg whites solidifying in heat.
- Change in pH, hydrogen bonds, lemon juice (acidic), milk curdling.
- Heavy metal, ionic bond, mercury, lead (attaches to enzyme and loses shape)
3 methods of denaturation in protein, what bonds are affected and examples:
- Temperature, hydrogen bonds, egg whites solidifying in heat.
- Change in pH, hydrogen bonds, lemon juice (acidic), milk curdling.
- Heavy metal, ionic bond, mercury, lead (attaches to enzyme and loses shape)
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
glucose, starch, cellulose
Elements found in carbohydrates
C, H, O
Empirical formula of all carbohydrates
CH2O
What is always the ratio of carbohydrates
2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen
4 functions of carbohydrates:
- SHORT TERM energy storage (glucose is converted to starch in plants and glycogen in animals)
- Structural support in plants (cellulose found in wall of plant cell)
- Identification markers on cell membrane
- Insulation
Name of one sugar
Monosaccharides
Name of 6 carbon sugar
Hexose
Empirical formula of glucose
C6H12O6
Name of two sugars linked together through dehydration synthesis
Disaccharide
Famous disaccharides (3):
- Glucose + glucose = maltose (beer, scotch)
- Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
- Glucose + galactose = lactose (breast milk)
Many sugars linked together are referred to
Polysaccharides
Famous polysaccharides and what are they found in (3)
Starch (plants) , glycogen (animals) , cellulose (plants)
Unit molecule of for sugars
Glucose
Characteristics of cellulose (3):
- Found in plant cell walls
- Beta B bonding (undigestible)
- 3000 glucose unit with NO SIDE BRANCHES
Characteristics of starch (3):
- Energy storage in plants
- Alpha bonding (digestible)
- 1000 glucose molecules with LITTLE SIDE BRANCHES
Characteristics of glycogen (3):
- Energy storage in humans
- Alpha bonding (digestible)
- 16-24 glucose unit with MANY SIDE BRANCHES
Elements found in lipids
C, H, O
Ratio of lipids
15 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
Types of lipids (4)
Fatty acids (saturated/unsaturated), neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids
Functions of lipids and examples (5):
- Long term energy storage (adipose tissue)
- Insulation (blubber in animals)
- Helps protect and cushions organs
- Phospholipids are components in cell membranes
- Lipid based hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.
How many carbons does a fatty acid have
16-18 carbons with an acid at the end
Characteristics of a saturated fatty acid and examples (3):
- No double bonds between carbons
- Solid at room temp
- Butter, lard
Characteristics of an unsaturated fatty acid and examples (3):
- Has double bonds between carbons
- Liquid at room temperature
- Vegetable oil, fish oil
Why are neutral fats neutral
No charge
How are neutral fats formed
Formed by a glyceron molecule and fatty acids
Types of neutral fats (3):
- Glycerol + 1 fatty acid = Monoglyceride
- Glycerol + 2 fatty acid = Diglyceride
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acid = Triglyceride
Main function of a neutral fat (3):
- Energy storage
- Stored in adipose tissue
- Provides insulation (prevent heat loss) and provide protection for organs
Where are phospholipids found
Found in all cell membranes
3 components to a phospholipid
Glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, phosphate containing group
Phospholipid molecule
The head is hydrophilic, and the tail is hydrophobic
What is emulsification
Breakdown of fat globules into tiny droplets which provides an increased surface area
Example of emulsification
Soap with fat
Soap molecule
Lye is the base which is polar (hydrophilic) + fat which is nonpolar (hydrophobic)
How does soap emulsify fat
The fatty acid tails are nonpolar and hydrophobic. The lye portion is polar and hydrophilic, this end is attracted to water because water is polar.
Where does emulsification happen in the human body
Bile emulsifies fat in the small intestine
How many fused carbon ring structures do steroids have
4
What is needed to build different steroids
Cholesterol
What is a common steroid
Sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
What do nucleic acids carry
They carry hereditary or genetic information
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribo nucleic acid
What does RNA stand for
Ribonucleic acid
Where is DNA found and what is their function
Found in genes and genes are found in chromosomes. DNA controls all cell activities and building proteins.
RNA function
Works with DNA to build proteins
What do nucleotides consist of
They consist of 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group and a nitrogen base
How many different nucleotides are in DNA
4
What differs each nucleotide
The type of nitrogen base they carry
How many types of nitrogen bases are there and what are they
- Thymine DNA/RNA , Cytosine DNA/RNA, Uracil RNA are PYRIMIDINES. Adenine DNA/RNA and Guanine DNA/RNA are PURINES
What does ATP sound for
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
What is ATP
An important nucleotide which is not part of a nucleic acid. It is the energy currency for a cell.
What is ATP manufactured by
Cell organelle called the mitochondria
What process is used to produce ATP
Process of cellular respiration
Uses of ATP in the body (4):
- To build proteins for ribosomes or RER
- Transporting ions through the cell membrane
- Muscle contractions (Actin/myosin).
- Nerve conduction (Nerve impulses that travel from nerve cell to nerve cell)
What makes up ATP
adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups.
4 major categories of organic compounds
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
How many carbons do monosaccharides usually contain
6 carbon atoms
How are carbohydrates formed
Dehydration synthesis
How many carbons are in pentose
5
How many carbons are in hexose
6
Describe a glucose molecule
a 6 carbon ringed molecule with a formula of C6H12O6
How is maltose formed
Glucose + glucose
How is sucrose or table sugar formed
Glucose + fructose
What is one of the end products of a synthesis reaction
H2O
3 functions of carbohydrates
Energy store, energy source, structural
If we use water to break apart disaccharides into two monosaccharides, what is it called
Hydrolysis
What are polysaccharides
Polymer (chain) of monosaccharides (sugar)
3 common polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
What is the unit molecule to form the 3 common polysaccharides
Glucose
Why can’t we digest cellulose
Beta linkage is difficult to break. We don’t have the enzymes that are essential for breaking the linkages.
What are macromolecules
Molecule containing large number of atoms, like a protein or a nucleic acid. It is made up of many repeating unit molecules.
What is keratin protein used for
Hair and nails
What is collagen protein used for
Skin
What is myosin/actin protein used for
Muscle
What are the functions of enzymes
To speed up chemical reactions
What are all enzymes made of
Proteins
What is a hormone
Chemical substance that act like messenger molecules in the body
Function of insulin
Used to lower blood sugar levels
Function of hemoglobin
Blood protein found in red blood cells and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Function of fibrinogen
Plasma protein used in blood clotting to stop bleeding
Unit molecule for proteins
Amino acids
Two functional groups in amino acids
Amino group and carboxylic group
What atom does an amino acid have that a carbohydrate does not
Nitrogen
What does the R stand for
R group
Why are there 20 different amino acids
There are 20 different R groups
What is the bond that forms between two amino acids
Peptide bonds
What is a polypeptide
Chain of amino acids
How can you recognize a polypeptide from a structural formula
Repeating N-C-C backbone
How many peptides are needed in order for a molecule to be called a protein
50-70/75
Three levels of protein structure
Primary 1, secondary 2, tertiary 3
What type of bonds hold a helix (secondary) in shape
Hydrogen bonds
What does a tertiary structure protein refer to
Folding of a secondary protein into a globular form due to ionic, covalent, S-S bonds.
Why is the final tertiary shape of a protein so important
It determines its function
What factors are proteins sensitive to
Temperature, pH, heavy metal
What is denaturation
When the shape of a protein is destroyed resulting it to lose its function
Why is denaturation a serious problem
The biological process like digestion or respiration is affected
What is a globular protein molecule
3D structure that is sphere-like. The structure is divided into 3 or 4 levels like a hemoglobin.
What is a characteristic of a lipid
Long fatty acid chain
Examples of some familiar lipids
Butter, oil, lard, margarine
4 Functions of fat in the body
Energy store, insulation, structure for cell membrane, hormones
What type of tissue contains a great deal of fat molecules
Adipose tissue
What is another name for neutral fat and what is it
Triglyceride. It is a glycerol molecule attached to 3 other molecules called fatty acids
Structure of a fatty acid
Straight chain of uneven number of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms (2:1) along the length of the chain
How many carbon atoms are common in fatty acids
16-18
How are saturated fats different from unsaturated fats
Saturated fats have single bonds between carbons. They are solid at room temperature like butter. Unsaturated fats are double bonded and are liquid at room temperature like vegetable oil or fish oil.
Which type of fatty acid is implicated with heart disease
Saturated
Structure of phospholipid
Glycerol + 2 fatty acid. Consists of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
What property does the phosphate group give to the molecule
Partial negative charge on oxygen atom gives it polarity
Structure of steroids
4 fused carbon rings
How have saturated fats and cholesterol been implicated in heart disease
Can lead to clogged arteries. Clogged arteries then decrease blood flow to the heart
Functions of steroids
Sex hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen)
How is a soap formed
Lye (base) + Fatty (Fatty acid)
Soap structure
Hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. Structure is similar to a phospholipid
How does soap emulsify fats
Polar end of soap extends into the water and the non-polar end extends into the fat droplet
What is an emulsifier that works with our bodies and how does it work
Bile. It is a substance that works as an emulsifier in the small intestine. It is produced by the liver.
2 nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Unit molecule that makes up nucleic acids
Nucleotides
What are nucleotides composed of
Sugar group (DNA, RNA), phosphate group, nitrogen base
What sugar is present in DNA
Deoxyribose
What sugar is present in RNA
Ribose sugar
How can you recognize a nucleic acid polymer
Sugar; phosphate backbone
Function of ATP
Transferring and providing energy in cells
What do wavy lines indicate
High energy bond
