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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS TEST REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Life on earth is ___

A

Carbon based

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2
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of __

A

Carbon compounds

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3
Q

Why is carbon important in biochemistry

A

Carbon has 4 available covalent bonds which allow other atoms to bond to. Has the ability to form straight bonds with different types of elements allowing it to have a huge variety of complex molecules

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4
Q

Examples of carbon bonded molecules (4)

A

Polypeptide, glucose, lipids, triglyceride (neutral fat)

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5
Q

What is a polymer

A

large molecule formed from larger subunits of smaller molecules

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6
Q

Examples of polymers

A

DNA, Starch, Protein

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7
Q

What’s another name for polymerization

A

Dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

How does dehydration synthesis work

A

Monomers become a polymer and water is produced

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9
Q

What’s the opposite of dehydration synthesis

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

How does hydrolysis work

A

Uses water to break apart polymers into monomers. its the opposite of dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

What does the process of hydrolysis usually use and what’s it called

A

Enzymes called hydrolytic enzymes

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12
Q

Monomer

A

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to create a polymer

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13
Q

Polymer

A

Multiple

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14
Q

What elements are proteins composed of?

A

C, H, O, sometimes N, S

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15
Q

What are ALL proteins composed of and how are they linked together?

A

They are composed of amino acids and linked by dehydration synthesis.

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16
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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17
Q

Examples of structural proteins and its function (3)

A

Keratin (hair, nails), collagen and elastin (skin)

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18
Q

Examples of proteins used for muscle function (2)

A

Actin and Myosin used for movement

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19
Q

Examples of enzymes and its function (3)

A

Lactase, sucrase, maltase. Used to speed up chemical reactions. Most enzymes end with “Ace”.

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20
Q

Examples of protein hormones and its function (3)

A
  • Insulin used to lower blood sugar.
  • Glucagon used to raise blood sugar.
  • There are also growth hormones. Individuals that lack this suffer from dwarfism.
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21
Q

Example of blood protein and its function

A

Hemoglobin. It is found in red blood cells and are used to carry O2, CO2, and H+ ions.

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22
Q

Example of Immunoglobin

A

Antibodies. Used to attach specific virus receptor to prevent virus from replicating.

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23
Q

Examples of plasma protein (2)

A

Fibrinogen and Prothrombin. They are used in blood clotting. All plasma protein is made in the liver.

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24
Q

Where are carrier/channel proteins found and what are the functions?

A

They are found in cells. Its purpose is to transport molecules in and out of the cell

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25
Q

What is microfilament/microtubules and its function?

A

They form the cytoskeleton of a cell. It keeps the cell structure from collapsing.

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26
Q

What do R groups do to an amino acid?

A

R groups (remainder) determines the type of amino acid it becomes

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27
Q

What is the word used to link amino acids to create a chain?

A

Polymerization and dehydration synthesis

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28
Q

What is the bond that connects the amino acids called?

A

Peptide bonds

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29
Q

1 amino acid is called

A

Amino acid

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30
Q

2 amino acid linked is called

A

Dipeptide

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31
Q

3 amino acid linked is called

A

Tripeptide

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32
Q

More than 5 amino acids linked is

A

Polypeptide

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33
Q

50-70 amino acids linked is called

A

Protein

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34
Q

Why do all proteins have different shapes?

A

They have different shapes because proteins have different functions

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35
Q

What does primary structure look like

A

Chain of amino acids

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36
Q

Examples of primary structure

A

Actin/myosin (muscles)

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37
Q

What are the bonds associated with primary structure

A

Peptide bonds

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38
Q

Cause of the shape on primary structure

A

Peptide bonds between amino acids

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39
Q

What does secondary structure look like

A

Twisting of helix

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40
Q

Examples of secondary structure

A

Elastin (skin)

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41
Q

What are the bonds associated with secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds

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42
Q

Cause of the shape on secondary structure

A

Occurs because of partially positive H and a partially negative O

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43
Q

What does tertiary structure look like

A

3D globular shape composed of 1 and 2 level structure of1 proteins

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44
Q

Examples of tertiary structure

A

Enzymes

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45
Q

What are the bonds associated with tertiary structure

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, disulfide bonds

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46
Q

Cause of the shape on tertiary structure

A

R groups

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47
Q

What does the quartenary structure look like

A

More than one tertiary protein together into a globular mass

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48
Q

Examples of quartenary structure

A

Hemoglobin

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49
Q

What are the bonds associated with quartenary structure

A

Multiple. Ionic, hydrogen, covalent, sulfur, disulfide bonds

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50
Q

Cause of the shape on quartenary structure

A

Between R groups

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51
Q

What is denaturation in protein

A

Process where a protein’s shape is altered causing it to lose its function

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52
Q

3 methods of denaturation in protein, what bonds are affected and examples:

A
  • Temperature, hydrogen bonds, egg whites solidifying in heat.
  • Change in pH, hydrogen bonds, lemon juice (acidic), milk curdling.
  • Heavy metal, ionic bond, mercury, lead (attaches to enzyme and loses shape)
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53
Q

3 methods of denaturation in protein, what bonds are affected and examples:

A
  • Temperature, hydrogen bonds, egg whites solidifying in heat.
  • Change in pH, hydrogen bonds, lemon juice (acidic), milk curdling.
  • Heavy metal, ionic bond, mercury, lead (attaches to enzyme and loses shape)
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54
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates

A

glucose, starch, cellulose

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55
Q

Elements found in carbohydrates

A

C, H, O

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56
Q

Empirical formula of all carbohydrates

A

CH2O

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57
Q

What is always the ratio of carbohydrates

A

2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen

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58
Q

4 functions of carbohydrates:

A
  • SHORT TERM energy storage (glucose is converted to starch in plants and glycogen in animals)
  • Structural support in plants (cellulose found in wall of plant cell)
  • Identification markers on cell membrane
  • Insulation
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59
Q

Name of one sugar

A

Monosaccharides

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60
Q

Name of 6 carbon sugar

A

Hexose

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61
Q

Empirical formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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62
Q

Name of two sugars linked together through dehydration synthesis

A

Disaccharide

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63
Q

Famous disaccharides (3):

A
  • Glucose + glucose = maltose (beer, scotch)
  • Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
  • Glucose + galactose = lactose (breast milk)
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64
Q

Many sugars linked together are referred to

A

Polysaccharides

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65
Q

Famous polysaccharides and what are they found in (3)

A

Starch (plants) , glycogen (animals) , cellulose (plants)

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66
Q

Unit molecule of for sugars

A

Glucose

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67
Q

Characteristics of cellulose (3):

A
  • Found in plant cell walls
  • Beta B bonding (undigestible)
  • 3000 glucose unit with NO SIDE BRANCHES
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68
Q

Characteristics of starch (3):

A
  • Energy storage in plants
  • Alpha bonding (digestible)
  • 1000 glucose molecules with LITTLE SIDE BRANCHES
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69
Q

Characteristics of glycogen (3):

A
  • Energy storage in humans
  • Alpha bonding (digestible)
  • 16-24 glucose unit with MANY SIDE BRANCHES
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70
Q

Elements found in lipids

A

C, H, O

71
Q

Ratio of lipids

A

15 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

72
Q

Types of lipids (4)

A

Fatty acids (saturated/unsaturated), neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids

73
Q

Functions of lipids and examples (5):

A
  • Long term energy storage (adipose tissue)
  • Insulation (blubber in animals)
  • Helps protect and cushions organs
  • Phospholipids are components in cell membranes
  • Lipid based hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.
74
Q

How many carbons does a fatty acid have

A

16-18 carbons with an acid at the end

75
Q

Characteristics of a saturated fatty acid and examples (3):

A
  • No double bonds between carbons
  • Solid at room temp
  • Butter, lard
76
Q

Characteristics of an unsaturated fatty acid and examples (3):

A
  • Has double bonds between carbons
  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Vegetable oil, fish oil
77
Q

Why are neutral fats neutral

A

No charge

78
Q

How are neutral fats formed

A

Formed by a glyceron molecule and fatty acids

79
Q

Types of neutral fats (3):

A
  • Glycerol + 1 fatty acid = Monoglyceride
  • Glycerol + 2 fatty acid = Diglyceride
  • Glycerol + 3 fatty acid = Triglyceride
80
Q

Main function of a neutral fat (3):

A
  • Energy storage
  • Stored in adipose tissue
  • Provides insulation (prevent heat loss) and provide protection for organs
81
Q

Where are phospholipids found

A

Found in all cell membranes

82
Q

3 components to a phospholipid

A

Glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, phosphate containing group

83
Q

Phospholipid molecule

A

The head is hydrophilic, and the tail is hydrophobic

84
Q

What is emulsification

A

Breakdown of fat globules into tiny droplets which provides an increased surface area

85
Q

Example of emulsification

A

Soap with fat

86
Q

Soap molecule

A

Lye is the base which is polar (hydrophilic) + fat which is nonpolar (hydrophobic)

87
Q

How does soap emulsify fat

A

The fatty acid tails are nonpolar and hydrophobic. The lye portion is polar and hydrophilic, this end is attracted to water because water is polar.

88
Q

Where does emulsification happen in the human body

A

Bile emulsifies fat in the small intestine

89
Q

How many fused carbon ring structures do steroids have

A

4

90
Q

What is needed to build different steroids

A

Cholesterol

91
Q

What is a common steroid

A

Sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

92
Q

What do nucleic acids carry

A

They carry hereditary or genetic information

93
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribo nucleic acid

94
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

95
Q

Where is DNA found and what is their function

A

Found in genes and genes are found in chromosomes. DNA controls all cell activities and building proteins.

96
Q

RNA function

A

Works with DNA to build proteins

97
Q

What do nucleotides consist of

A

They consist of 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group and a nitrogen base

98
Q

How many different nucleotides are in DNA

A

4

99
Q

What differs each nucleotide

A

The type of nitrogen base they carry

100
Q

How many types of nitrogen bases are there and what are they

A
  1. Thymine DNA/RNA , Cytosine DNA/RNA, Uracil RNA are PYRIMIDINES. Adenine DNA/RNA and Guanine DNA/RNA are PURINES
101
Q

What does ATP sound for

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

102
Q

What is ATP

A

An important nucleotide which is not part of a nucleic acid. It is the energy currency for a cell.

103
Q

What is ATP manufactured by

A

Cell organelle called the mitochondria

104
Q

What process is used to produce ATP

A

Process of cellular respiration

105
Q

Uses of ATP in the body (4):

A
  • To build proteins for ribosomes or RER
  • Transporting ions through the cell membrane
  • Muscle contractions (Actin/myosin).
  • Nerve conduction (Nerve impulses that travel from nerve cell to nerve cell)
106
Q

What makes up ATP

A

adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups.

107
Q

4 major categories of organic compounds

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

108
Q

How many carbons do monosaccharides usually contain

A

6 carbon atoms

109
Q

How are carbohydrates formed

A

Dehydration synthesis

110
Q

How many carbons are in pentose

A

5

111
Q

How many carbons are in hexose

A

6

112
Q

Describe a glucose molecule

A

a 6 carbon ringed molecule with a formula of C6H12O6

113
Q

How is maltose formed

A

Glucose + glucose

114
Q

How is sucrose or table sugar formed

A

Glucose + fructose

115
Q

What is one of the end products of a synthesis reaction

A

H2O

116
Q

3 functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy store, energy source, structural

117
Q

If we use water to break apart disaccharides into two monosaccharides, what is it called

A

Hydrolysis

118
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymer (chain) of monosaccharides (sugar)

119
Q

3 common polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

120
Q

What is the unit molecule to form the 3 common polysaccharides

A

Glucose

121
Q

Why can’t we digest cellulose

A

Beta linkage is difficult to break. We don’t have the enzymes that are essential for breaking the linkages.

122
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Molecule containing large number of atoms, like a protein or a nucleic acid. It is made up of many repeating unit molecules.

123
Q

What is keratin protein used for

A

Hair and nails

124
Q

What is collagen protein used for

A

Skin

125
Q

What is myosin/actin protein used for

A

Muscle

126
Q

What are the functions of enzymes

A

To speed up chemical reactions

127
Q

What are all enzymes made of

A

Proteins

128
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical substance that act like messenger molecules in the body

129
Q

Function of insulin

A

Used to lower blood sugar levels

130
Q

Function of hemoglobin

A

Blood protein found in red blood cells and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

131
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Plasma protein used in blood clotting to stop bleeding

132
Q

Unit molecule for proteins

A

Amino acids

133
Q

Two functional groups in amino acids

A

Amino group and carboxylic group

134
Q

What atom does an amino acid have that a carbohydrate does not

A

Nitrogen

135
Q

What does the R stand for

A

R group

136
Q

Why are there 20 different amino acids

A

There are 20 different R groups

137
Q

What is the bond that forms between two amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

138
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids

139
Q

How can you recognize a polypeptide from a structural formula

A

Repeating N-C-C backbone

140
Q

How many peptides are needed in order for a molecule to be called a protein

A

50-70/75

141
Q

Three levels of protein structure

A

Primary 1, secondary 2, tertiary 3

142
Q

What type of bonds hold a helix (secondary) in shape

A

Hydrogen bonds

143
Q

What does a tertiary structure protein refer to

A

Folding of a secondary protein into a globular form due to ionic, covalent, S-S bonds.

144
Q

Why is the final tertiary shape of a protein so important

A

It determines its function

145
Q

What factors are proteins sensitive to

A

Temperature, pH, heavy metal

146
Q

What is denaturation

A

When the shape of a protein is destroyed resulting it to lose its function

147
Q

Why is denaturation a serious problem

A

The biological process like digestion or respiration is affected

148
Q

What is a globular protein molecule

A

3D structure that is sphere-like. The structure is divided into 3 or 4 levels like a hemoglobin.

149
Q

What is a characteristic of a lipid

A

Long fatty acid chain

150
Q

Examples of some familiar lipids

A

Butter, oil, lard, margarine

151
Q

4 Functions of fat in the body

A

Energy store, insulation, structure for cell membrane, hormones

152
Q

What type of tissue contains a great deal of fat molecules

A

Adipose tissue

153
Q

What is another name for neutral fat and what is it

A

Triglyceride. It is a glycerol molecule attached to 3 other molecules called fatty acids

154
Q

Structure of a fatty acid

A

Straight chain of uneven number of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms (2:1) along the length of the chain

155
Q

How many carbon atoms are common in fatty acids

A

16-18

156
Q

How are saturated fats different from unsaturated fats

A

Saturated fats have single bonds between carbons. They are solid at room temperature like butter. Unsaturated fats are double bonded and are liquid at room temperature like vegetable oil or fish oil.

157
Q

Which type of fatty acid is implicated with heart disease

A

Saturated

158
Q

Structure of phospholipid

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acid. Consists of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

159
Q

What property does the phosphate group give to the molecule

A

Partial negative charge on oxygen atom gives it polarity

160
Q

Structure of steroids

A

4 fused carbon rings

161
Q

How have saturated fats and cholesterol been implicated in heart disease

A

Can lead to clogged arteries. Clogged arteries then decrease blood flow to the heart

162
Q

Functions of steroids

A

Sex hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen)

163
Q

How is a soap formed

A

Lye (base) + Fatty (Fatty acid)

164
Q

Soap structure

A

Hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. Structure is similar to a phospholipid

165
Q

How does soap emulsify fats

A

Polar end of soap extends into the water and the non-polar end extends into the fat droplet

166
Q

What is an emulsifier that works with our bodies and how does it work

A

Bile. It is a substance that works as an emulsifier in the small intestine. It is produced by the liver.

167
Q

2 nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

168
Q

Unit molecule that makes up nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

169
Q

What are nucleotides composed of

A

Sugar group (DNA, RNA), phosphate group, nitrogen base

170
Q

What sugar is present in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

171
Q

What sugar is present in RNA

A

Ribose sugar

172
Q

How can you recognize a nucleic acid polymer

A

Sugar; phosphate backbone

173
Q

Function of ATP

A

Transferring and providing energy in cells

174
Q

What do wavy lines indicate

A

High energy bond

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (10 decks)

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