PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS TEST REVIEW Flashcards
1
Q
Life on earth is ___
A
Carbon based
2
Q
Organic chemistry is the study of __
A
Carbon compounds
3
Q
Why is carbon important in biochemistry
A
Carbon has 4 available covalent bonds which allow other atoms to bond to. Has the ability to form straight bonds with different types of elements allowing it to have a huge variety of complex molecules
4
Q
Examples of carbon bonded molecules (4)
A
Polypeptide, glucose, lipids, triglyceride (neutral fat)
5
Q
What is a polymer
A
large molecule formed from larger subunits of smaller molecules
6
Q
Examples of polymers
A
DNA, Starch, Protein
7
Q
What’s another name for polymerization
A
Dehydration synthesis
8
Q
How does dehydration synthesis work
A
Monomers become a polymer and water is produced
9
Q
What’s the opposite of dehydration synthesis
A
Hydrolysis
10
Q
How does hydrolysis work
A
Uses water to break apart polymers into monomers. its the opposite of dehydration synthesis
11
Q
What does the process of hydrolysis usually use and what’s it called
A
Enzymes called hydrolytic enzymes
12
Q
Monomer
A
molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to create a polymer
13
Q
Polymer
A
Multiple
14
Q
What elements are proteins composed of?
A
C, H, O, sometimes N, S
15
Q
What are ALL proteins composed of and how are they linked together?
A
They are composed of amino acids and linked by dehydration synthesis.
16
Q
How many types of amino acids are there?
A
20
17
Q
Examples of structural proteins and its function (3)
A
Keratin (hair, nails), collagen and elastin (skin)
18
Q
Examples of proteins used for muscle function (2)
A
Actin and Myosin used for movement
19
Q
Examples of enzymes and its function (3)
A
Lactase, sucrase, maltase. Used to speed up chemical reactions. Most enzymes end with “Ace”.
20
Q
Examples of protein hormones and its function (3)
A
- Insulin used to lower blood sugar.
- Glucagon used to raise blood sugar.
- There are also growth hormones. Individuals that lack this suffer from dwarfism.
21
Q
Example of blood protein and its function
A
Hemoglobin. It is found in red blood cells and are used to carry O2, CO2, and H+ ions.
22
Q
Example of Immunoglobin
A
Antibodies. Used to attach specific virus receptor to prevent virus from replicating.
23
Q
Examples of plasma protein (2)
A
Fibrinogen and Prothrombin. They are used in blood clotting. All plasma protein is made in the liver.
24
Q
Where are carrier/channel proteins found and what are the functions?
A
They are found in cells. Its purpose is to transport molecules in and out of the cell
25
What is microfilament/microtubules and its function?
They form the cytoskeleton of a cell. It keeps the cell structure from collapsing.
26
What do R groups do to an amino acid?
R groups (remainder) determines the type of amino acid it becomes
27
What is the word used to link amino acids to create a chain?
Polymerization and dehydration synthesis
28
What is the bond that connects the amino acids called?
Peptide bonds
29
1 amino acid is called
Amino acid
30
2 amino acid linked is called
Dipeptide
31
3 amino acid linked is called
Tripeptide
32
More than 5 amino acids linked is
Polypeptide
33
50-70 amino acids linked is called
Protein
34
Why do all proteins have different shapes?
They have different shapes because proteins have different functions
35
What does primary structure look like
Chain of amino acids
36
Examples of primary structure
Actin/myosin (muscles)
37
What are the bonds associated with primary structure
Peptide bonds
38
Cause of the shape on primary structure
Peptide bonds between amino acids
39
What does secondary structure look like
Twisting of helix
40
Examples of secondary structure
Elastin (skin)
41
What are the bonds associated with secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds
42
Cause of the shape on secondary structure
Occurs because of partially positive H and a partially negative O
43
What does tertiary structure look like
3D globular shape composed of 1 and 2 level structure of1 proteins
44
Examples of tertiary structure
Enzymes
45
What are the bonds associated with tertiary structure
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, disulfide bonds
46
Cause of the shape on tertiary structure
R groups
47
What does the quartenary structure look like
More than one tertiary protein together into a globular mass
48
Examples of quartenary structure
Hemoglobin
49
What are the bonds associated with quartenary structure
Multiple. Ionic, hydrogen, covalent, sulfur, disulfide bonds
50
Cause of the shape on quartenary structure
Between R groups
51
What is denaturation in protein
Process where a protein’s shape is altered causing it to lose its function
52
3 methods of denaturation in protein, what bonds are affected and examples:
- Temperature, hydrogen bonds, egg whites solidifying in heat.
- Change in pH, hydrogen bonds, lemon juice (acidic), milk curdling.
- Heavy metal, ionic bond, mercury, lead (attaches to enzyme and loses shape)
53
3 methods of denaturation in protein, what bonds are affected and examples:
- Temperature, hydrogen bonds, egg whites solidifying in heat.
- Change in pH, hydrogen bonds, lemon juice (acidic), milk curdling.
- Heavy metal, ionic bond, mercury, lead (attaches to enzyme and loses shape)
54
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
glucose, starch, cellulose
55
Elements found in carbohydrates
C, H, O
56
Empirical formula of all carbohydrates
CH2O
57
What is always the ratio of carbohydrates
2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen
58
4 functions of carbohydrates:
- SHORT TERM energy storage (glucose is converted to starch in plants and glycogen in animals)
- Structural support in plants (cellulose found in wall of plant cell)
- Identification markers on cell membrane
- Insulation
59
Name of one sugar
Monosaccharides
60
Name of 6 carbon sugar
Hexose
61
Empirical formula of glucose
C6H12O6
62
Name of two sugars linked together through dehydration synthesis
Disaccharide
63
Famous disaccharides (3):
- Glucose + glucose = maltose (beer, scotch)
- Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
- Glucose + galactose = lactose (breast milk)
64
Many sugars linked together are referred to
Polysaccharides
65
Famous polysaccharides and what are they found in (3)
Starch (plants) , glycogen (animals) , cellulose (plants)
66
Unit molecule of for sugars
Glucose
67
Characteristics of cellulose (3):
- Found in plant cell walls
- Beta B bonding (undigestible)
- 3000 glucose unit with NO SIDE BRANCHES
68
Characteristics of starch (3):
- Energy storage in plants
- Alpha bonding (digestible)
- 1000 glucose molecules with LITTLE SIDE BRANCHES
69
Characteristics of glycogen (3):
- Energy storage in humans
- Alpha bonding (digestible)
- 16-24 glucose unit with MANY SIDE BRANCHES
70
Elements found in lipids
C, H, O
71
Ratio of lipids
15 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
72
Types of lipids (4)
Fatty acids (saturated/unsaturated), neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids
73
Functions of lipids and examples (5):
- Long term energy storage (adipose tissue)
- Insulation (blubber in animals)
- Helps protect and cushions organs
- Phospholipids are components in cell membranes
- Lipid based hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.
74
How many carbons does a fatty acid have
16-18 carbons with an acid at the end
75
Characteristics of a saturated fatty acid and examples (3):
- No double bonds between carbons
- Solid at room temp
- Butter, lard
76
Characteristics of an unsaturated fatty acid and examples (3):
- Has double bonds between carbons
- Liquid at room temperature
- Vegetable oil, fish oil
77
Why are neutral fats neutral
No charge
78
How are neutral fats formed
Formed by a glyceron molecule and fatty acids
79
Types of neutral fats (3):
- Glycerol + 1 fatty acid = Monoglyceride
- Glycerol + 2 fatty acid = Diglyceride
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acid = Triglyceride
80
Main function of a neutral fat (3):
- Energy storage
- Stored in adipose tissue
- Provides insulation (prevent heat loss) and provide protection for organs
81
Where are phospholipids found
Found in all cell membranes
82
3 components to a phospholipid
Glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, phosphate containing group
83
Phospholipid molecule
The head is hydrophilic, and the tail is hydrophobic
84
What is emulsification
Breakdown of fat globules into tiny droplets which provides an increased surface area
85
Example of emulsification
Soap with fat
86
Soap molecule
Lye is the base which is polar (hydrophilic) + fat which is nonpolar (hydrophobic)
87
How does soap emulsify fat
The fatty acid tails are nonpolar and hydrophobic. The lye portion is polar and hydrophilic, this end is attracted to water because water is polar.
88
Where does emulsification happen in the human body
Bile emulsifies fat in the small intestine
89
How many fused carbon ring structures do steroids have
4
90
What is needed to build different steroids
Cholesterol
91
What is a common steroid
Sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
92
What do nucleic acids carry
They carry hereditary or genetic information
93
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribo nucleic acid
94
What does RNA stand for
Ribonucleic acid
95
Where is DNA found and what is their function
Found in genes and genes are found in chromosomes. DNA controls all cell activities and building proteins.
96
RNA function
Works with DNA to build proteins
97
What do nucleotides consist of
They consist of 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group and a nitrogen base
98
How many different nucleotides are in DNA
4
99
What differs each nucleotide
The type of nitrogen base they carry
100
How many types of nitrogen bases are there and what are they
4. Thymine DNA/RNA , Cytosine DNA/RNA, Uracil RNA are PYRIMIDINES. Adenine DNA/RNA and Guanine DNA/RNA are PURINES
101
What does ATP sound for
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
102
What is ATP
An important nucleotide which is not part of a nucleic acid. It is the energy currency for a cell.
103
What is ATP manufactured by
Cell organelle called the mitochondria
104
What process is used to produce ATP
Process of cellular respiration
105
Uses of ATP in the body (4):
- To build proteins for ribosomes or RER
- Transporting ions through the cell membrane
- Muscle contractions (Actin/myosin).
- Nerve conduction (Nerve impulses that travel from nerve cell to nerve cell)
106
What makes up ATP
adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups.
107
4 major categories of organic compounds
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
108
How many carbons do monosaccharides usually contain
6 carbon atoms
109
How are carbohydrates formed
Dehydration synthesis
110
How many carbons are in pentose
5
111
How many carbons are in hexose
6
112
Describe a glucose molecule
a 6 carbon ringed molecule with a formula of C6H12O6
113
How is maltose formed
Glucose + glucose
114
How is sucrose or table sugar formed
Glucose + fructose
115
What is one of the end products of a synthesis reaction
H2O
116
3 functions of carbohydrates
Energy store, energy source, structural
117
If we use water to break apart disaccharides into two monosaccharides, what is it called
Hydrolysis
118
What are polysaccharides
Polymer (chain) of monosaccharides (sugar)
119
3 common polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
120
What is the unit molecule to form the 3 common polysaccharides
Glucose
121
Why can’t we digest cellulose
Beta linkage is difficult to break. We don’t have the enzymes that are essential for breaking the linkages.
122
What are macromolecules
Molecule containing large number of atoms, like a protein or a nucleic acid. It is made up of many repeating unit molecules.
123
What is keratin protein used for
Hair and nails
124
What is collagen protein used for
Skin
125
What is myosin/actin protein used for
Muscle
126
What are the functions of enzymes
To speed up chemical reactions
127
What are all enzymes made of
Proteins
128
What is a hormone
Chemical substance that act like messenger molecules in the body
129
Function of insulin
Used to lower blood sugar levels
130
Function of hemoglobin
Blood protein found in red blood cells and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
131
Function of fibrinogen
Plasma protein used in blood clotting to stop bleeding
132
Unit molecule for proteins
Amino acids
133
Two functional groups in amino acids
Amino group and carboxylic group
134
What atom does an amino acid have that a carbohydrate does not
Nitrogen
135
What does the R stand for
R group
136
Why are there 20 different amino acids
There are 20 different R groups
137
What is the bond that forms between two amino acids
Peptide bonds
138
What is a polypeptide
Chain of amino acids
139
How can you recognize a polypeptide from a structural formula
Repeating N-C-C backbone
140
How many peptides are needed in order for a molecule to be called a protein
50-70/75
141
Three levels of protein structure
Primary 1, secondary 2, tertiary 3
142
What type of bonds hold a helix (secondary) in shape
Hydrogen bonds
143
What does a tertiary structure protein refer to
Folding of a secondary protein into a globular form due to ionic, covalent, S-S bonds.
144
Why is the final tertiary shape of a protein so important
It determines its function
145
What factors are proteins sensitive to
Temperature, pH, heavy metal
146
What is denaturation
When the shape of a protein is destroyed resulting it to lose its function
147
Why is denaturation a serious problem
The biological process like digestion or respiration is affected
148
What is a globular protein molecule
3D structure that is sphere-like. The structure is divided into 3 or 4 levels like a hemoglobin.
149
What is a characteristic of a lipid
Long fatty acid chain
150
Examples of some familiar lipids
Butter, oil, lard, margarine
151
4 Functions of fat in the body
Energy store, insulation, structure for cell membrane, hormones
152
What type of tissue contains a great deal of fat molecules
Adipose tissue
153
What is another name for neutral fat and what is it
Triglyceride. It is a glycerol molecule attached to 3 other molecules called fatty acids
154
Structure of a fatty acid
Straight chain of uneven number of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms (2:1) along the length of the chain
155
How many carbon atoms are common in fatty acids
16-18
156
How are saturated fats different from unsaturated fats
Saturated fats have single bonds between carbons. They are solid at room temperature like butter. Unsaturated fats are double bonded and are liquid at room temperature like vegetable oil or fish oil.
157
Which type of fatty acid is implicated with heart disease
Saturated
158
Structure of phospholipid
Glycerol + 2 fatty acid. Consists of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
159
What property does the phosphate group give to the molecule
Partial negative charge on oxygen atom gives it polarity
160
Structure of steroids
4 fused carbon rings
161
How have saturated fats and cholesterol been implicated in heart disease
Can lead to clogged arteries. Clogged arteries then decrease blood flow to the heart
162
Functions of steroids
Sex hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen)
163
How is a soap formed
Lye (base) + Fatty (Fatty acid)
164
Soap structure
Hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. Structure is similar to a phospholipid
165
How does soap emulsify fats
Polar end of soap extends into the water and the non-polar end extends into the fat droplet
166
What is an emulsifier that works with our bodies and how does it work
Bile. It is a substance that works as an emulsifier in the small intestine. It is produced by the liver.
167
2 nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
168
Unit molecule that makes up nucleic acids
Nucleotides
169
What are nucleotides composed of
Sugar group (DNA, RNA), phosphate group, nitrogen base
170
What sugar is present in DNA
Deoxyribose
171
What sugar is present in RNA
Ribose sugar
172
How can you recognize a nucleic acid polymer
Sugar; phosphate backbone
173
Function of ATP
Transferring and providing energy in cells
174
What do wavy lines indicate
High energy bond
