respiratory system (unfinished) Flashcards
what are the main functions of the respiratory system?
trying to get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
why do we need oxygen
to get energy out of food
(in the mitochondria)
what are the processes used to get O2 into the cells
- ventilation: what we call breathing, moving air in and out
- external respiration: exchanging gas between air in lungs and blood
- transport: transport O2 to cells or CO2 to lungs (circulatory system)
- internal respiration: cellular respiration - gas exchanged between blood and all your cells
what are other functions of the respiratory system
- regulation of blood PH: ___________
- voice production: moving air across vocal cords gives speech
- olfaction: sense of smell - upper part of nasal cavity. breath in really big through nose to get smell to hit receptors
- protection: we take air in to get O2, ___________ come with to protect against pathogens. we have mucus that lines the nasal cavity and the trachea. bacteria and viruses stick to mucus. then mucus - sneeze, cough or swallow. if swallow, stomach acids kill bacteria. sneeze or cough to expel pathogens.
extra things to know
- mouth is part of digestive system
- healthier to breath through your nose because of mucus
upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx
illness…
- cold
lower respiratory tract
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, tubing in lungs
illnesses…
- pneumonia
- bronchitis
concha
ridges in nasal cavity that help swirl the air
want particles to swirl so that particles go to the side
sinuses
empty spaces in our skull bone
- mucus membrane
mucus adds moisture to the air
empty spaces are to make skull lighter
also affect the sound of your voice
opening to the auditory tube
equalizing pressure through the middle ear
goes to the middle ear
- infection can get to the middle (mucus)
- can blow out the eardrum if you blow your nose too hard
uvula
“hanging thing” in back of your throat
when you swallow it blocks nasal cavity
pharynx
back of the throat
both respiratory and digestive system
epiglottis
when you swallow, it covers trachea so you don’t choke on food
larynx
voice box and vocal cords
“adams apple”
nasal septum
divides nasal cavity right and left
if it is not straight, can affect breathing(snoring)
functions of the nasal cavity
clean the air: clean with…
mucus - traps dust and debris
hair - acts as a filter
smell
quality of speech
humidify the air: adding moisture to the air - don’t want the lungs to dry out
warm the air: breathing through the nose warms up air because it swirls in cavity
backside of trachea
cartilage doesn’t cover back so that the esophagus can invade that space if you swallow something big
choking
choking is when something actually gets down into the trachea…to get it out of the trachea you have to cough
sometimes it feels like you are choking because something is stuck in the esophagus and is pushing into the trachea…drink water
sound
modified by tongue, lips and teeth
sound is generated by vocal cords and folds
laryngitis
inflammation of the vocal cords - becomes difficult to talk
causes: infection or overuse of vocal cords
paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction
stress causes vocal cords to close, makes it difficult to breath
cartilage rings
hold the trachea and bronchial tubes open
dividing line between upper and lower respiratory tract
larynx
cilia
on cells called pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
act like an elevator for the mucus
moving back and forth to move mucus up
don’t want mucus in the lungs
smokers
to prevent cancer body switches to cells without cilia, gravity can pull mucus down and cilia can’t push up…laying down it will sit in throat, so in the morning they have smokers cough
tracheobronchial tree
the tree has 16 splits/generations
trachea “trunk” > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi(one per lobe, 5 lobes) > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles(less than 1mm in diameter) > terminal bronchioles
tracheobronchial tree cont.
cartilage rings until the terminal bronchioles
- diameter of passageways is changeable
- need so that wet tubes don’t collapse and stick together
smooth muscle in all the passageways to allow them to get bigger and smaller
bigger tubes have more cartilage and smaller tubes have more muscle
alveolar ducts with sacs
- common space where all branches come off(alveoli)
-ducts act like hallway, sacs are like rooms, bronchial tubes are like long hallways without doors - no cilia but do have macrophages, part of immune system, destroys things that shouldn’t be there
respiratory zone
- respiratory zone is the functional unit of the system, respiratory bronchioles , alveolar ducts, alveoli
- very elastic, tissue, allow the lung to stretch when inhale and much of power when exhale. if lose elasticity, won’t be able to take as deep of a breath
- 300 million alveoli, thin and tiny, cover huge surface
- surfactant is produced to keep alveoli from sticking shut, produced in alveoli, liquid
base
bottom of lungs
wide
sits on diaphram
apex
pointy part
up by clavicles
right side
right lung has 3 lobes and 10 sections
left side
left lung has 2 lobes and 9 sections
sections
blood vessels do NOT cross over sections
sections = blood supply
Hilum
the medial sides of the lungs show the hilum
where the bronchi, blood vessels and nerves all enter the lungs
breathing
many muscles work in breathing
diaphragm: whole bottom, shape of dome
external intercostalis
internal intercostalis
diaphragm down making thoracic cavity bigger, intercostalis open/close the ribs
2 membranes that allow breathing
visceral pleura is attached to the lung tissue, will pull the lung out in all directions
Parietal pleura is attached to the inside of the rib cage. when the rib cage moves up and out to breathe this membrane goes with it
if air gets between the two membranes, then the lung could collapse
concentration
partial pressures matter; there is more O2 at sea level and therefore we can exercise better. if we live at altitude we will make more RBC in order to get more O2
at rest blood is nearly 100% saturated with oxygen. during exercise that can change depending on O2 in the air, fitness, BP and hemoglobin(holds O2 on blood cell)
compliance
how hard something is (related to breathing)
the greater the compliance, the easier it is for a change in pressure to cause expansion
a lower than normal compliance means the lungs and thorax are harder to expand
Emphysema
some of alveoli are destroyed and it becomes harder to inflate the lungs
most often caused by smoking
pulmonary edema
when fluid starts getting in lungs ( comes with heart disease)
venule side of the lungs aren’t compliant and start pushing plasma out of the lungs at capillary level, this fluid saturates lung tissue
airway obstuction
asthma: body overreacts and shrinks airways, can’t take deep breath
bronchitis: inflammation in bronchial tubes
lung cancer: over reproduction of cells
deformities of the thoracic wall
kyphosis, scoliosis
can affect breathing
breathing volumes
Tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
vital capacity
respiratory rate
can be effected by genetics, size and gender
tidal volume
normal breath…in and out
inspiratory reserve volume
extra air a person can inhale after a normal breath
expiratory reserve volume
extra air a person can exhale
ex: coughing, choking
residual volume
air that is left…so that lungs don’t collapse
vital capactiy
biggest breath that a person can take in and out
- training can increase it 30-40%…if in shape VC can increase
respiratory rate
12-20 at rest…when not thinking or when sleeping
if thinking about it can go less than 12 by taking larger breaths
during exercise rate goes up a lot higher
