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anatomy > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of

A

-glands tissue that secretes to make hormones
-hormones are chemical to set something in motion or stop something

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2
Q

4 classes of hormone

A
  • autocrine: make itself reproduce to fight infection (white blood cells)
  • paracrine: local, does something in 1 spot (WBC release histamine to cause vasodilation)
  • neurotransmitter: neuron to neuron or muscle or gland
  • endocrine: released into blood stream and goes everywhere
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3
Q

major functions of the endocrine system

A
  • growth
  • sextual development
  • mood
  • metabolism
  • effect how organs work
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4
Q

difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

endocrine: goes into the blood…deposits chemical directly to blood stream…everywhere
exocrine: puts chemical/fluids into duct to a specific place

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5
Q

endocrine system

A
  • not as fast… seconds to weeks
  • what cause can happen for seconds to weeks
  • broadcast
  • chemicals called hormones
  • intensity is concentrated
  • not nerve cells
  • release secretion into blood
  • no vesicles
  • some get inside cells
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6
Q

nervous system

A
  • very fast…milliseconds
  • continue as long as messages continue
  • specific
  • chemicals called neurotransmitters
  • brain, spinal cord
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7
Q

hormones modify internal biochemical operations within target cells by

A

influencing intracellular enzymes

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8
Q

a given hormone will only affect certain cells

A

determined by presence or absence of a receptor

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9
Q

several different structural categories of hormones, structural differences have functional implications

A

the way hormone is put together influences what can do
- some hormones interact with receptors on surface of cell
- other hormones diffuse into the cell to ______
- some hormones need help moving through the blood

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10
Q

peptide/proteins

A
  • most of hormones are this type
  • water soluble…get to bloodstream faster
  • small
  • lot of medicine(current) is focused on these
  • produced by pituitary gland and thyroid gland produce lot of those
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11
Q

peptide continued

A

made with amino acids with peptide bonds
can’t get into the cell, therefore have to bind with receptor on the outside, secondary messenger in cell tells nucleus to change

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12
Q

travel and life span of peptide hormones

A

most travel freely through blood, smaller travel with a protein (because broken down easier)
tend to have short half-life…2-30 min

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13
Q

steroids

A

lipids, fat soluble…testes and ovaries
made with: cholesterol - make hormones
can get into the cell because fat soluble, receptor inside instead of outside

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14
Q

travel and life span of steroids

A

attach to proteins, can’t move by themselves
half-life ranges days to weeks

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15
Q

amino acid derivatives/tyrosine derivatives

A

made with just one type of amino acid: tyrosine, come from thyroid and adrenal cortex
can act like steroids and peptides
thyroid hormone: lipid soluble/fat soluble
catecholamines: water soluble, made in adrenal glands

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16
Q

target cells

A

where the hormones are going
hormones go here to change how operates…target cell does something different
hormone hits a receptor and nucleus decides what to do

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17
Q

receptors

A

either on outside or inside
water soluble…hormone receptor outside
lipid soluble…hormone receptor on inside

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18
Q

negative feedback

A

hormones work on negative feedback, something changes, hormones sent to change
- cells respond to changes in extracellular fluid by releasing hormones when fluid goes back to normal, hormone production stops

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

ultamily in control of whole system
- king in control, not that much work
- synchronizes endocrine and nervous system

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20
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland…do all the work
small
divided front and back

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21
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus link: got hormones coming out of nervous system (RH & IH) get picked up by capillary and immediately dumped into capillaries
portal system: not using whole circulatory system

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22
Q

negative feedback to hypothalamus

A

presence of hormones after circling back turns off hypothalamus…in turn turns off anterior pituitary gland

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23
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone
turning thyroid on

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24
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenal gland…adrenal cortex
causes adrenal to release cortisol

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25
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone
- testes and ovaries
turn on testes or ovaries…making sperm or eggs

26
Q

LH

A

luteinizing
cause ovulation in women
production of testosterone in men

27
Q

PRL

A

prolactin
make milk
cause mammary glands to produce milk

28
Q

GH

A

growth hormone
all cells grow and reproduce…specifically skeletal muscles
tend to have more when sleep, make more after exercise and trama

29
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone
produce skin pigment

30
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

contains axons from neurons from hypothalamus
2 hormones…
ADH - anti diuretic (keep water) tells kidneys not to take as much water out
oxytocin - stimulates labor, allows milk to be released, emotional bonding during sex

31
Q

thyroid gland

A

in neck, throat in front of trachea
shape: looks like butterfly
goiter: swelling in thyroid gland…hard to swallow…caused by lack of iodine

32
Q

tyroxine

A

T4
4 iodine attached to molecule
80% of what thyroid makes is T4
amino acid

33
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

T3
3 iodine attached to it
10% of what thyroid makes is T3
amino acid

34
Q

what do T4 & T3 do?

A

doing basically same thing…
- increase production of ATP in mitochondria
- increasing metabolism
- effect on body temp and heart rate

35
Q

calcitonin

A

peptide
reducing calcium in blood…helps keep bones strong
- allow kidney to get rid of some
- decrease osteoclast activity
if too much can end up with kidney stones
10% of what thyroid produces

36
Q

parathyroid glands

A

attached to thyroid…4 spots that are doing different stuff
also about calcium

37
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone
opposite of calcitonin
increase calcium in blood
- inhibit osteoblast
- increase osteoclast
- tell kidney’s to not get rid of so much

38
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer layer- looks yellow because of the amount of fat stored (cholesterol)
- making steroids…about 2 dozen, collectively call corticosteroids

39
Q

corticosteroids

A

cortisol- stress hormone…“enemy of weight loss”
anti inflammatory
vasoconstriction- blood vessels get smaller so blood pressure goes up
suppress immune system
effect mood…stress and anxiety

40
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inside of adrenal gland
controlled by the sympathetic nervous system(arouse/excite, fight or flight)
…fast, 30 seconds, last for 30 min-hour…adrenalin
produces 2 hormones

41
Q

2 hormones produced by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine
- help us use energy/increases ability
- increase glucose use
- increase heart rate
- muscles stronger
norepinephrine
-increase heart rate let glucose out so can use
- increase blood pressure, get blood to muscle

42
Q

pineal gland

A

in brain, very small, roof of thalamus…deep in brain
makes melatonin…help with sleep, is antioxidant…help prevent cancer
vision effects melatonin
goes down during puberty…why sleep less

43
Q

pancreas

A

in digestive system
mainly exocrine, but some are endocrine
- islets of langerhans 1%-still about 1 mill cells
2 types…
alpha cells
- some make glucagon(increase glucose in blood)
beta cells
- make insulin(take sugar/glucose out of blood)

44
Q

homeostasis of blood glucose levels

A

normal level = 70-110 mg/dl
(use 100 in class)

45
Q

kidneys

A

mainly part of urinary system…does have 2 hormones it releases
- calcitriol: releases by kidney because of PTH, needs vitamin D, increase calcium digestion-get from digestive track into blood
- EPO: made by kidneys when oxygen levels get low…make red blood cells, more red blood cells means thicker blood and more endurance

46
Q

Heart

A

cardiovascular system
ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide
cause kidneys to make more water and sodium
so can lower blood pressure

47
Q

Thymus

A

lymphatic/immune system located by heart
thymosins: collection of hormones, not 1 hormone
when become adult this gland doesn’t work
anymore. help in the immune system making
white blood cells

48
Q

Gonads

A

generic term for testes and ovaries
1. testosterone: both genders make, but women make less
- sperm production
- muscle mass
2. estrogen: both genders make, men make less
- women extra - in ovaries…production of eggs
- bone density…not enough estrogen, bones weak

Leptin: made in fat cells, supposed to tell the brain to stop eating(control appetite)

49
Q

when blood sugar is up …

A

insulin is used to take back down to normal level

50
Q

when blood sugar is down

A

glucagon is used to bring it up

51
Q

blood sugar/insulin

A
  • increase rate of glucose in the cells
  • increased rate of glucose utilization
  • increased rate of glucose into glycogen
  • increased protein synthesis (put together)
  • increased putting fat together
52
Q

blood sugar/glucagon

A
  • increased breakdown of glycogen into glucose
  • increased breakdown of fats
  • increased synthesis of glucose by liver
53
Q

integumentary system

A

testosterone promotes hair growth. estrogen promotes added fat

54
Q

skeletal system

A

calcitonin and calcitriol regulate calcium

55
Q

muscular system

A

GH and testosterone increase size of skeletal muscles

56
Q

nervous system

A

testosterone and estrogen can influence mood and behavior

57
Q

cardiovascular system

A

EPO increases RBC. epinephrine increases heart rate

58
Q

lymphatic system

A

Thymosins make WBC

59
Q

respiratory system

A

epinephrine opens airways

60
Q

digestive system

A

calcitriol helps digest calcium

61
Q

urinary system

A

ADH increases water retention. ANP increases water excretion

62
Q

reproductive system

A

FSH and LH regulate testes and ovaries

anatomy (8 decks)

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