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anatomy > Physiology of Muscles > Flashcards

Physiology of Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the muscular system

A

movement, posture and position, constriction of organs and vessels, guard entrances and exits, body temperature, respiration, communication

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2
Q

general properties of muscle

A

contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

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3
Q

anatomy of skeletal muscle

A

gross anatomy
- connective tissue: fascia
- epimysium
-tendon
- perimysium
- fascicule
- endomysium
nerves and blood vessels

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4
Q

connective tissue: fascia

A

connective tissue around whole muscle, keeps muscle separate from skin

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5
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue around whole muscle

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6
Q

tendon

A

connective tissue coming off the muscle, going to bone

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7
Q

perimysium

A

divides muscle into smaller sections. blood vessels and nerves travel through to get where they need to go

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8
Q

fascicule

A

one section of muscle tissues

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9
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue around individual muscle cells

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10
Q

nerves and blood vessels

A

changeable, can change the number of blood vessels and nerve connections you have

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11
Q

microanatomy

A

-fiber
-sarcolemma
-sarcoplasm
-transverse tubules
-sarcoplasmic reticulum
-myofibrils
- sarcomere
- actin
- myosin

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12
Q

fiber

A

cell, long and skinny

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13
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane

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14
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm, fluid inside muscle fiber

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15
Q

transverse tubules

A

tubes that go deep into muscle fibers from surface. can carry electrical charges

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16
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

parallel to axis of fiber. holds calcium

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17
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of proteins in muscle fiber, run the whole length of the fiber

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18
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of a muscle

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19
Q

actin

A

thin protein strand in the sarcomere

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20
Q

myosin

A

thick band of protein with multiple heads

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21
Q

muscle contraction

A
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22
Q

mechanics inside a myofibril/sarcomere

A
  • cross bridges
  • troponin
  • tropomyosin
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23
Q

cross bridges

A

myosin head connected to action. myosin head connects to active sites on the action. ATP is used to let go

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24
Q

troponin

A

bead like protein attached to actin and tropomyosin, likes to connect with calcium. when calcium connects to troponin it changes the shape, when this happens, the tropomyosin is moved off the active sites

25
Q

tropomyosin

A

ribbon like protein. lies along actin, covering active sites. its job is to cover and get pulled of the active sites

26
Q

inside a muscle fiber, outside myofibril

A
  • transverse tubule
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
27
Q

T tubule

A

an action potential travels down the T tubule and hits a VSP, which changes shape when it gets hit. VSP has a foot like projection that is connected to calcium gate in the SR…opens gate

28
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

high concentration of calcium in it, so when gate opens, Ca will flood out through diffusion

29
Q

surface of the muscle fiber

A
  • motor endplate
  • sarcolemma
30
Q

motor endplate

A

part of sarcolemma that receives neurotransmitter. motor endplate starts and action potential

31
Q

sarcolemma

A

action potential goes all over sarcolemma and down the T tublules

32
Q

muscle stimulation

A
33
Q

motor neuron

A

kind of neuron that tells something what to do

34
Q

euromuscular junction

A

where neuron and muscle communicate, don’t actually touch

35
Q

acetylcholine

A

name of neurotransmitter that tells muscle to contract

36
Q

motor units

A

a neuron and all the muscle fiber it contains
motor learning gives us coordination…which unit to fire and in what order

37
Q

energy for contraction

A

ATP
CP
anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
oxygen debt

38
Q

ATP

A

always making and using
2-3 seconds worth floating in muscle cell

39
Q

CP

A

creatine phosphate, energy in bond that is easily broken. that energy can be used to make ATP, there is no waste product.
it also holds energy in the muscle cell
you can only use what you have…have 6 seconds worth in the muscle cell. it takes 5-8 min to put it back together

40
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

using food and getting energy out of it
without oxygen
glycolysis
happens in sarcoplasm
can do for 30-40 seconds before creating waste product/Lactic acid
outside the mitochondria-high intensity(sprinting)
lactic acid changes the PH which causes fatigue
at rest ATP remakes creatine phosphate
+2ATP, +2NADH

41
Q

aerobic respiration

A

just in the mitochondria, no limit. always going until die
gives more ATP than anaerobic
in mitochondria… 2 processes, Krebs and oxidative
glucose(C6H12)6) becomes pyruvate during glycolysis then pyruvate goes to mitochondria then is changed into 6H2O and 6CO2
+2ATP, + 36 ATP
1 glucose molecule gives grand total of 38 ATP
waste product = CO2 and H2O

42
Q

oxygen debt

A

when breathing heavy after exercise is done
- anaerobic to the point of making LA
4 reasons
- need extra O to help restore stored ATP
- so can replace CP
- to help get rid of LA, along with breathing heart rate up LA goes into heart and use as fuel
- repair the muscle cell

43
Q

muscle fatigue

A

high intensity exercise
- change in PH of cell, doesn’t contract as well
- run out of ATP
- sprinting and jumping
low intensity exercise
- jogging
1. decrease motivation drive: motivation trumps fatigue…physiological
2. decreased intra muscle fuel supply: run out of fuel in muscle cell - glucose
3. decreased extra muscle fuel: extra glucose, sugar in blood
4. decreased O2 delivery to working skeletal muscle: less blood to working muscles, temp-rather run in the cold than hot

44
Q

muscle fiber types

A

type 1
type 2a
type 2b

always uning type 1 fibers. harder activity, more type 2a and type 2b used

45
Q

type 1

A

“slow twitch”
endurance, always used
stay skinny
posture and leg muscles
myoglobin(high)
blood vessels(many)
mitochondria(high)
ATPase(slow)

46
Q

type 2a

A

“fast twitch”
speed
get bigger
legs
myoglobin(med)
blood vessels(med)
mitochondria(med)
ATPase(med)

47
Q

type 2b

A

“fast twitch”
power(explosive), last recruit
get bigger
arms
myoglobin(low)
blood vessels(low)
mitochondria(low)
ATPase(fast)

48
Q

Isotonic

A

contraction where use same amount of force

49
Q

isometric

A

same length
using muscle
-working but not changing length
-posture muscles
using all the time to stay still

50
Q

isokintic

A

speed controled

51
Q

prime mover

A

main muscle doing action

52
Q

synergist

A

helper muscle

53
Q

antagonist

A

muscles that do the opposite action

54
Q

concentric

A

when muscle that’s working gets shorter

55
Q

eccentric

A

when muscle that’s working gets longer

56
Q

origin

A

where a muscle is anchored
less movable

57
Q

insertion

A

where a muscle is moving a bone
more moveable

58
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations/strips…gets name from what looks like
involuntary
around BV and air passageways, intestines: more internal
stretching makes it contract, helps blood pressure-always pushing
less than 1% mitochondrial volume

59
Q

cardiac muscle

A

has stripes
involuntary
40% mitochondrial volume
-never going anaerobic
-aerobic 100% of time

anatomy (8 decks)

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