circulatory system(test)

Question 1

Heart

Answer 1

• size of fist
• located in mediastinum
• tilted to the left
• 4 chambers
• makes a lub dub sound
• sack around called pericardium

Question 2

pericardium

Answer 2

sack around the heart
double layer membrane around the heart to reduce friction

Question 3

4 chambers of heart

Answer 3

atrium
- top, right and left
- smaller and weaker than ventricles
- where blood comes into the heart
ventricles
- bottom, right and left
- left is stronger than the right, stronger muscle
- right sends blood to the lungs, left does everything else

Question 4

4 vessels connecting to the heart

Answer 4

arteries: take blood away from the heart, connect to ventricles
- aorta: comes out of left ventricle, biggest artery, goes everywhere
- pulmonary: comes out of right ventricle, goes to lung, not rich in oxygen
veins: take blood away from the heart, connect to atrium
- vena cava: dumps into right atrium, blood from body to right atrium, everywhere but lungs
- pulmonary: blood rich in oxygen, come from lungs to left atrium

Question 5

4 heart valves

Answer 5

1 way valves, prevent blood from going the wrong direction
AV valves: atrium-ventricle
- bicuspid(mitral), left valve
- tricuspid, right side
semilunar valves: @ beginning of arteries
- aortic, beginning or aorta arteries
- pulmonary, beginning of pulmonary arteries

Question 6

how does the heart get oxygen

Answer 6

from coronary arteries, capillaries, veins
capillaries feed.

Question 7

when artrum contracts…

Answer 7

blood goes to ventricle
the amount of blood in atrium when atrium contracts only makes up 20% of blood in ventricle, the ventricle is mostly filled by veins

Question 8

contracting units

Answer 8

atrium and ventricles

Question 9

conducting system

Answer 9

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fibers

Question 10

SA node

Answer 10

top right of heart, pacemaker
squeezing blood from atrium to ventricles

Question 11

AV node

Answer 11

between atrium and ventricles
gets signal from SA node and sends message on, if SA isn’t working, AV will work on its own

Question 12

arteries

Answer 12

• high pressure
• thickest walls
• blood away from the heart
• blood pressure measured here

Question 13

veins

Answer 13

• low pressure
• one way valves
• blood to heart
• most of body’s blood (70%)
• movement is caused by skeletal muscle
• blue things see in skin

Question 14

capillaries

Answer 14

• thinnest walls
• permeable
• only one blood cell at a time passing through

Question 15

numbers relating to blood pressure

Answer 15

top number: systolic, high
bottom number: diastolic, low

Question 16

blood pressure

Answer 16

up…
- increased blood volume
- increased heart rate (exercise)
down…
- decreased blood volume

Question 17

cardiac output

Answer 17

stroke volume
volume of blood pumped per minute

Question 18

hypotension

Answer 18

low blood pressure

Question 19

hypertension

Answer 19

high blood pressure

Question 20

arteries and arterioles

Answer 20

typically contain 25% of blood in circulation
pressure varies between 40-100 mm of mercury
- need pressure to move blood
most organs receive blood from more than one artery
- alternate ways in case one gets blocked

arteries are built to withstand the greatest pressure of the system, strong walls, thick layer of connective tissue, more muscular than veins

Question 21

veins and venules

Answer 21

70% of blood is in veins and venules
little smooth muscle
low pressure
- pressure isn’t moving the blood, have to keep moving to keep blood moving, skeletal muscles
many of medium veins, especially in limbs, have one way valves

veins generally have a greater diameter than arteries but thinner walls. not as elastic, but stretch a little.

Question 22

capillaries

Answer 22

actual site of exchange(oxygen, CO2, food and waste)
walls are a single cell thick, things move in and out
arranged in capillary beds
extremely abundant in most tissues of the body
only about 5% of blood is in capillaries, most are shut

Question 23

lymphatic system

Answer 23

also known as immune system
lymph vessels, lymph nodes - WBC, lymph fluid

Question 24

lymph fluid

Answer 24

when plasma is outside the blood

Question 25

lymph vessels

Answer 25

like veins but open ended

Question 26

lymph nodes

Answer 26

WBC used to filter
fluid flows through

Question 27

functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 27

transportation
- food and oxygen from digestive system to the cells
- waste and CO2 from cells to urinary and respiratory systems
- transport hormones throughout the body
homeostasis
- maintain acid based balance
- regulate temperature
- maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
protection
- clotting and inflammation, limit spread of disease
- immune system- WBC

Question 28

top of the heart is called the…

Answer 28

base

Question 29

bottom of the heart is called the…

Answer 29

apex

Question 30

wall of heart

Answer 30

epicardium: outside layer of membrane
myocardium: layer that is actual cardiac muscle, thick, cells interlace and excite each other
endocardium: delicate membrane on the inside

Question 31

anyerysm

Answer 31

weak section in artery walls
could bulge, break, and cause internal bleeding

Question 32

corinary circulation

Answer 32

blood coming off aorta to feed outside of heart is going through the coronary artery when the ventricle is resting. every other place gets blood when ventricle squeezes

Question 33

circle of willis

Answer 33

seven arteries linked together so if there is blockage can reroute easier (going to the brain)

Question 34

hepatic portal system

Answer 34

instead of taking blood directly to vena cava, blood goes to the liver to be inspected
defense system

Question 35

why does the heart need a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients?

Answer 35

the heart never rests, so it can never build up a storage of glycogen

Question 36

EKG, PQRST wave, what are each part?

Answer 36

P: SA node sending out a message (atrium)
QRS: electrical current through the ventricles
AV node, AV bundles, purkinje fibers
T: repolarization of the ventricles

Question 37

braclycardia

Answer 37

heart rate lower than 60

Question 38

tachycardia

Answer 38

heart rate greater than 100

Question 39

flutter

Answer 39

short bursts of 200-300 bpm

Question 40

fibrillation

Answer 40

heart beat is out of rhythm

Question 41

normal blood pressure

Answer 41

120/80

Question 42

building up of plaque

Answer 42

• cholesterol build up in arterial wall
• immune system releases macrophages to eat cholesterol
• macrophages become foam cells full of cholesterol
• foam cells accumulate and become plaque
  -smooth muscles form a cop over to try and smooth it out
• foam cells try to break out, weaken the cap
• the cap cracks, and a chunk breaks off
• the chunk gets into bloodstream and forms a clot that blocks blood flow, killing you

Question 43

cardiovascular training

Answer 43

benefits
- blood volume
- stroke volume
- lung volume
- heart size
- CO2 extraction
- lower heart rate
- lower blood pressure

Question 44

high blood pressure

Answer 44

140/90

Question 45

varicose veins

Answer 45

can take them out because most of blood flow is deep and there is other ways of transportation