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anatomy > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the digestive tract or alimentary tract?

A

starts at the mouth and goes to the anus
major spots
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestines and parts
- large intestine and parts
- anus

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2
Q

what is the G.I. tract?

A

Gastro Intestinal
subsection
stomach and intestines

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3
Q

what are the accessory organs

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • spleen
    all do things that help
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4
Q

functions of the digestive system

A
  1. mastication
  2. ingestion
  3. propulsion
  4. mixing
  5. secretion
  6. digestion
  7. absorption
  8. elimination
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5
Q
  1. mastication
A

masseter - chewing
chew food so that there is a bigger surface area, more space for the chemicals to get in

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6
Q
  1. ingestion
A

food into the stomach/body

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7
Q
  1. propulsion
A

movement

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8
Q
  1. propulsion: deglutition
A

swallowing

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9
Q
  1. propulsion: peristalsis
A

move the food by squeezing on it and stretching the muscle
- starts at the esophagus and goes to the end
- food takes 24-36 hours to go through

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10
Q
  1. propulsion: mass movements
A

happen in the large intestine
contraction over a larger space than peristalsis food moves farther, but not more steadily

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11
Q
  1. mixing
A

segmental contractions
move food back and forth so that more digestive juices can get in

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12
Q
  1. secretion
A

mucus: helps lubricate - want stuff to move along smoothly, helps to liquify the food, helps to protect the digestive tract
ex: lining inside of the stomach is to protect from acid
water: liquify - more liquidy, the greater the surface area
water comes out of the circulatory system and put it back at the large intestine
bile: stored in the gall bladder, breaks down fats - like soap…mixes fat and water
enzymes: make enzymes to help chemically digest the food

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13
Q
  1. digestion
A

mechanical: chewing- mechanically breaking apart
chemical: chemically breaking apart

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, trying to break apart to put in the blood

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14
Q
  1. absorption
A

take from the digestive tract and put into the circulatory system

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15
Q
  1. elimination
A

removing waste products from the body; feces
food that can’t digest or bacteria that no longer need

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16
Q

peritoneum

A

double layer membrane - abdominopelvic cavity
layers… parietal(outside), visceral(inside/touching an organ)
mesenteries- between organs, help to hold everything in place
retroperitoneal- outside the peritoneum

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17
Q

oral cavity

A

mouth
1. lips: very outside, -move…help take in food, -skin on lips has less keratin so the skin is more see through
2. cheeks: buccinator -move food between our teeth
3. palate: -hard palate in anterior of the roof of the mouth, -soft palate in the posterior roof of the mouth…moves when you swallow
4. uvula: directs and blocks nose when you swallow
5. tonsils: like lymph nodes, lots of WBCs to fight infections - attract infection to fight it with WBC, -have 3 sets, -can be taken out if getting a lot of infections, -tonsil stones

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18
Q

tongue

A

made of muscle
inside and outside layer of muscle
intrinsic- flip tongue, extrinsic- tongue out
- move food around so that you can chew and swallow
- taste buds are on Papillae…little bumps

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19
Q

teeth

A

primary: grow from 6 months-2 years
permanent teeth: grow from 5-11 years
- incisors: for cutting, in the front
- canines: for tearing, pointy
- premolars and molars: for grinding, flat on top
teeth are slightly moveable

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20
Q

enamel

A

covers teeth
hard and strong

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21
Q

gingiva

A

gums
tooth fits in

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22
Q

salivary glands

A

make saliva
- parotid gland
- sublingual gland
- submandibular gland

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23
Q

functions of saliva

A
  • prevents bacteria growth (infection)
  • lubrication
  • help start the breakdown of starches
  • bolus food and saliva mixed together
  • make 1-1.5 liters of spit each day
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24
Q

parasympathetic makes…

A

…saliva

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25
Q

phases of swallowing

A
  1. voluntary phase: start to swallow
  2. pharyngeal phase or reflex: 1-2 seconds
  3. esophageal reflex: esophagus…make sure food goes down esophagus…takes 5-8 seconds
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26
Q

voluntary phase steps (swallowing)

A
  1. tongue pushes food up and back
  2. soft palate moves up, uvula closes off the nasal cavity
  3. epiglottis covers the trachea
  4. esophagus sphincter opens to let food in
  5. peristalsis moves food down when it gets into the esophagus
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27
Q

esophagus

A

tube from mouth to the stomach
acid reflex disease: sphincter doesn’t always work…send food back up. acid going up the esophagus could wear away the esophagus

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28
Q

stomach

A
  • size and shape of a stomach varries
  • stomach can get stretched out or shrink
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29
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

“gatekeeper”
from the stomach to the small intestine

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30
Q

rugae

A

folds in the stomach that allow it to expand.
The stomach can stretch and shrink depending on how much you eat

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31
Q

gastric pit

A

important digestive juices in pit

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32
Q

surface mucous cell

A

mucus protects from the acid

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33
Q

parietal cells

A

make hydrochloric acid

34
Q

chief cells

A

make pepsinogen

35
Q

endocrine cells

A

regulatory hormones

36
Q

secretions of the stomach

A
  • Chyme
  • Mucus
  • Intrinsic factor
  • HCl
  • Pepsinogen
    can absorb water through the stomach as well
37
Q

chyme

A

bolus, but in the stomach
(what call food in the stomach)

38
Q

mucus

A

made in mucus layer
protects stomach from acid
large amounts of alcohol, asprin and salt can damage

39
Q

intrinsic factor

A

come out of parietal cells
binds with B12(B12 is connected to waking up and energizing) –> so can dissolve/absolve

40
Q

HCl

A
  • killing bacteria
  • brings pH down to 1-3…really acidic (mucus protects)
  • help break proteins down
  • turn pepsinogen into pepsin
41
Q

pepsinogen

A

helps break down proteins
B12

42
Q

stomach phases

A
  • Cephalic phase
  • Gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
43
Q

cephalic phase

A

when taste or smell something
taste, smell or thought can get the stomach started and ready to have food

44
Q

gastric phase

A

when the food is actually in the stomach

45
Q

intestinal phase

A

when the food starts going into the intestine
there is a trigger from the intestine to turn the stomach back off

46
Q

mixing wave

A

80% of stomach moving around is mixing

47
Q

peristaltic waves

A

20% of stomach movement is peristaltic waves
few milliliters of emptying with each wave

48
Q

movements of the stomach

A

vomiting is protecting
- toxins in what ingested
- at too much
food and liquid stay in stomach between 1-6 hours…lot of fat and protein stay for 6 hours. alcohol and carbohydrates can be faster

49
Q

hunger pangs

A

go without food for a long time. stomach may forcefully and painfully contract. 12-24 hours after the last meal/ max intensity of pang happens after 2-4 days without food. after four days doesn’t happen as much
low glucose can cause pain

50
Q

small intestine

A

most of digestion happens here
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- ileum

  • each day put about 9 liters of water into the digestive system
  • 8-8.5 liters get reabsorbed by the small intestine
    1-1.5 liters for large intestine to absorb
51
Q

duodenum

A
  • 25 cm
  • comes after stomach
  • liver, gallbladder and pancreas all dumping stuff into the duodenum
52
Q

jejunum

A
  • 2.5 meters long
  • most nutrients are absorbed by end of jejunum
53
Q

ileum

A
  • 3 meters long
  • lymph nodes along to fight infection
  • food spends longest time here
54
Q

modifications to increase surface area

A
  • because of circular folds/plicae folds, the surface area of the intestine is 600x greater than if it was smooth
  • the villi contain capillaries and lymph vessels so they can absorb what we digest. on each villi there are microvilli
  • microvilli are folds of cell membrane
  • food is liquified to get between the villi and absorbed
55
Q

what dumps into the duatenum

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

56
Q

most of the digestive enzymes come from the…

A

pancreas

57
Q

liver makes ________ and it is stored in the ________

A

bile, gallbladder

58
Q

gallstones

A

hardened bile, if stones get stuck, then may have to take out gall bladder

59
Q

what gets reabsorbed in the ilium and recycled?

A

90% of bile is reabsorbed in the ilium and recycled

60
Q

what is bile made of?

A

cholesterol

61
Q

why are fibers good?

A

fibers speed up digestion and that means there is less cholesterol in the blood

62
Q

what does the liver inspect?

A

the liver inspects digested material through the hepatic portal system

63
Q

everything goes through the liver first too…

A

detoxify

64
Q

what does the liver store?

A

the liver stores
- glycogen
- fat
- vitamins
- copper
- iron

65
Q

nutrient interconversion

A

make nutrients…protein and vitamin D

66
Q

inspect and detoxification

A

the liver removes ammonia and turns it into urea
- also done with alcohol and other drugs

67
Q

phagosytosis

A

to destroy bacteria and old cells…eat it up

68
Q

parts of the large intestine

A

Appendix
ileocecal valve
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

69
Q

how long is food in the…

A

Stomach: 1-6 hrs
Small intestine: 2-6 hrs
Large intestine: 18-24 hrs

70
Q

large intestine

A
  • 1.5 meters long
  • moves slower and with mass movements
  • about 90% of what goes into the large intestine gets absorbed into the blood
  • if moves too slowly, might absorb too much water and might get stuck…constipation
    -water and salts get absorbed
    -vitamin K is released by bacteria growing in the large intestine
71
Q

Appendix

A
  • fight infections
  • WBC
  • “lightning rod”…infection is drawn to it
    if the appendix loses, then it can burst
72
Q

anal canal

A

two sphincters or “gatekeepers”
- internal: smooth muscle…involuntary
- external: skeletal muscle…voluntary

73
Q

hemorrhoids

A

happen in anal canal
- an inflamed or enlarged vein
could be painful or bleeding
- result of strain bowel movements
- a solution is high fiber diet

74
Q

feces

A

poop
- made up of undigested food
- bacteria
- sluffed off epithelial cells
when cells die…they fall off

75
Q

ileocecal valve

A

one way valve where ilium and cecum meet

76
Q

ascending colon

A

on the right side going up

77
Q

transverse colon

A

going across

78
Q

descending colon

A

left side going down

79
Q

sigmoid colon

A

“S” shape

80
Q

mass movements in the large intestine are…

A

…common after meals

81
Q

feces in the rectum causes…

A

…rectification

82
Q

time to digest

A

carbohydrates
- shortest time
- complex carbs takes a little to get into the blood
- simple sugars don’t take long
lipids
- stay in the stomach the longest
proteins
- 2nd longest time in stomach

anatomy (8 decks)

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