digestive system

Question 1

what is the digestive tract or alimentary tract?

Answer 1

starts at the mouth and goes to the anus
major spots
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestines and parts
- large intestine and parts
- anus

Question 2

what is the G.I. tract?

Answer 2

Gastro Intestinal
subsection
stomach and intestines

Question 3

what are the accessory organs

Answer 3

• salivary glands
• pancreas
• liver
• gall bladder
• spleen
  all do things that help

Question 4

functions of the digestive system

Answer 4

1. mastication
2. ingestion
3. propulsion
4. mixing
5. secretion
6. digestion
7. absorption
8. elimination

Question 5

1. mastication

Answer 5

masseter - chewing
chew food so that there is a bigger surface area, more space for the chemicals to get in

Question 6

2. ingestion

Answer 6

food into the stomach/body

Question 7

3. propulsion

Answer 7

movement

Question 8

3. propulsion: deglutition

Answer 8

swallowing

Question 9

3. propulsion: peristalsis

Answer 9

move the food by squeezing on it and stretching the muscle
- starts at the esophagus and goes to the end
- food takes 24-36 hours to go through

Question 10

3. propulsion: mass movements

Answer 10

happen in the large intestine
contraction over a larger space than peristalsis food moves farther, but not more steadily

Question 11

4. mixing

Answer 11

segmental contractions
move food back and forth so that more digestive juices can get in

Question 12

5. secretion

Answer 12

mucus: helps lubricate - want stuff to move along smoothly, helps to liquify the food, helps to protect the digestive tract
ex: lining inside of the stomach is to protect from acid
water: liquify - more liquidy, the greater the surface area
water comes out of the circulatory system and put it back at the large intestine
bile: stored in the gall bladder, breaks down fats - like soap…mixes fat and water
enzymes: make enzymes to help chemically digest the food

Question 13

6. digestion

Answer 13

mechanical: chewing- mechanically breaking apart
chemical: chemically breaking apart

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, trying to break apart to put in the blood

Question 14

7. absorption

Answer 14

take from the digestive tract and put into the circulatory system

Question 15

8. elimination

Answer 15

removing waste products from the body; feces
food that can’t digest or bacteria that no longer need

Question 16

peritoneum

Answer 16

double layer membrane - abdominopelvic cavity
layers… parietal(outside), visceral(inside/touching an organ)
mesenteries- between organs, help to hold everything in place
retroperitoneal- outside the peritoneum

Question 17

oral cavity

Answer 17

mouth
1. lips: very outside, -move…help take in food, -skin on lips has less keratin so the skin is more see through
2. cheeks: buccinator -move food between our teeth
3. palate: -hard palate in anterior of the roof of the mouth, -soft palate in the posterior roof of the mouth…moves when you swallow
4. uvula: directs and blocks nose when you swallow
5. tonsils: like lymph nodes, lots of WBCs to fight infections - attract infection to fight it with WBC, -have 3 sets, -can be taken out if getting a lot of infections, -tonsil stones

Question 18

tongue

Answer 18

made of muscle
inside and outside layer of muscle
intrinsic- flip tongue, extrinsic- tongue out
- move food around so that you can chew and swallow
- taste buds are on Papillae…little bumps

Question 19

teeth

Answer 19

primary: grow from 6 months-2 years
permanent teeth: grow from 5-11 years
- incisors: for cutting, in the front
- canines: for tearing, pointy
- premolars and molars: for grinding, flat on top
teeth are slightly moveable

Question 20

enamel

Answer 20

covers teeth
hard and strong

Question 21

gingiva

Answer 21

gums
tooth fits in

Question 22

salivary glands

Answer 22

make saliva
- parotid gland
- sublingual gland
- submandibular gland

Question 23

functions of saliva

Answer 23

• prevents bacteria growth (infection)
• lubrication
• help start the breakdown of starches
• bolus food and saliva mixed together
• make 1-1.5 liters of spit each day

Question 24

parasympathetic makes…

Answer 24

…saliva

Question 25

phases of swallowing

Answer 25

1. voluntary phase: start to swallow 2. pharyngeal phase or reflex: 1-2 seconds 3. esophageal reflex: esophagus...make sure food goes down esophagus...takes 5-8 seconds

Question 26

voluntary phase steps (swallowing)

Answer 26

1. tongue pushes food up and back 2. soft palate moves up, uvula closes off the nasal cavity 3. epiglottis covers the trachea 4. esophagus sphincter opens to let food in 5. peristalsis moves food down when it gets into the esophagus

Question 27

esophagus

Answer 27

tube from mouth to the stomach acid reflex disease: sphincter doesn't always work...send food back up. acid going up the esophagus could wear away the esophagus

Question 28

stomach

Answer 28

- size and shape of a stomach varries - stomach can get stretched out or shrink

Question 29

pyloric sphincter

Answer 29

"gatekeeper" from the stomach to the small intestine

Question 30

rugae

Answer 30

folds in the stomach that allow it to expand. The stomach can stretch and shrink depending on how much you eat

Question 31

gastric pit

Answer 31

important digestive juices in pit

Question 32

surface mucous cell

Answer 32

mucus protects from the acid

Question 33

parietal cells

Answer 33

make hydrochloric acid

Question 34

chief cells

Answer 34

make pepsinogen

Question 35

endocrine cells

Answer 35

regulatory hormones

Question 36

secretions of the stomach

Answer 36

- Chyme - Mucus - Intrinsic factor - HCl - Pepsinogen can absorb water through the stomach as well

Question 37

chyme

Answer 37

bolus, but in the stomach (what call food in the stomach)

Question 38

mucus

Answer 38

made in mucus layer protects stomach from acid large amounts of alcohol, asprin and salt can damage

Question 39

intrinsic factor

Answer 39

come out of parietal cells binds with B12(B12 is connected to waking up and energizing) --> so can dissolve/absolve

Question 40

HCl

Answer 40

- killing bacteria - brings pH down to 1-3...really acidic (mucus protects) - help break proteins down - turn pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 41

pepsinogen

Answer 41

helps break down proteins B12

Question 42

stomach phases

Answer 42

- Cephalic phase - Gastric phase - Intestinal phase

Question 43

cephalic phase

Answer 43

when taste or smell something taste, smell or thought can get the stomach started and ready to have food

Question 44

gastric phase

Answer 44

when the food is actually in the stomach

Question 45

intestinal phase

Answer 45

when the food starts going into the intestine there is a trigger from the intestine to turn the stomach back off

Question 46

mixing wave

Answer 46

80% of stomach moving around is mixing

Question 47

peristaltic waves

Answer 47

20% of stomach movement is peristaltic waves few milliliters of emptying with each wave

Question 48

movements of the stomach

Answer 48

vomiting is protecting - toxins in what ingested - at too much food and liquid stay in stomach between 1-6 hours...lot of fat and protein stay for 6 hours. alcohol and carbohydrates can be faster

Question 49

hunger pangs

Answer 49

go without food for a long time. stomach may forcefully and painfully contract. 12-24 hours after the last meal/ max intensity of pang happens after 2-4 days without food. after four days doesn't happen as much low glucose can cause pain

Question 50

small intestine

Answer 50

most of digestion happens here - Duodenum - Jejunum - ileum - each day put about 9 liters of water into the digestive system - 8-8.5 liters get reabsorbed by the small intestine 1-1.5 liters for large intestine to absorb

Question 51

duodenum

Answer 51

- 25 cm - comes after stomach - liver, gallbladder and pancreas all dumping stuff into the duodenum

Question 52

jejunum

Answer 52

- 2.5 meters long - most nutrients are absorbed by end of jejunum

Question 53

ileum

Answer 53

- 3 meters long - lymph nodes along to fight infection - food spends longest time here

Question 54

modifications to increase surface area

Answer 54

- because of circular folds/plicae folds, the surface area of the intestine is 600x greater than if it was smooth - the villi contain capillaries and lymph vessels so they can absorb what we digest. on each villi there are microvilli - microvilli are folds of cell membrane - food is liquified to get between the villi and absorbed

Question 55

what dumps into the duatenum

Answer 55

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 56

most of the digestive enzymes come from the...

Answer 56

pancreas

Question 57

liver makes ________ and it is stored in the ________

Answer 57

bile, gallbladder

Question 58

gallstones

Answer 58

hardened bile, if stones get stuck, then may have to take out gall bladder

Question 59

what gets reabsorbed in the ilium and recycled?

Answer 59

90% of bile is reabsorbed in the ilium and recycled

Question 60

what is bile made of?

Answer 60

cholesterol

Question 61

why are fibers good?

Answer 61

fibers speed up digestion and that means there is less cholesterol in the blood

Question 62

what does the liver inspect?

Answer 62

the liver inspects digested material through the hepatic portal system

Question 63

everything goes through the liver first too...

Answer 63

detoxify

Question 64

what does the liver store?

Answer 64

the liver stores - glycogen - fat - vitamins - copper - iron

Question 65

nutrient interconversion

Answer 65

make nutrients...protein and vitamin D

Question 66

inspect and detoxification

Answer 66

the liver removes ammonia and turns it into urea - also done with alcohol and other drugs

Question 67

phagosytosis

Answer 67

to destroy bacteria and old cells...eat it up

Question 68

parts of the large intestine

Answer 68

Appendix ileocecal valve Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal

Question 69

how long is food in the...

Answer 69

Stomach: 1-6 hrs Small intestine: 2-6 hrs Large intestine: 18-24 hrs

Question 70

large intestine

Answer 70

- 1.5 meters long - moves slower and with mass movements - about 90% of what goes into the large intestine gets absorbed into the blood - if moves too slowly, might absorb too much water and might get stuck...constipation -water and salts get absorbed -vitamin K is released by bacteria growing in the large intestine

Question 71

Appendix

Answer 71

- fight infections - WBC - "lightning rod"...infection is drawn to it if the appendix loses, then it can burst

Question 72

anal canal

Answer 72

two sphincters or "gatekeepers" - internal: smooth muscle...involuntary - external: skeletal muscle...voluntary

Question 73

hemorrhoids

Answer 73

happen in anal canal - an inflamed or enlarged vein could be painful or bleeding - result of strain bowel movements - a solution is high fiber diet

Question 74

feces

Answer 74

poop - made up of undigested food - bacteria - sluffed off epithelial cells when cells die...they fall off

Question 75

ileocecal valve

Answer 75

one way valve where ilium and cecum meet

Question 76

ascending colon

Answer 76

on the right side going up

Question 77

transverse colon

Answer 77

going across

Question 78

descending colon

Answer 78

left side going down

Question 79

sigmoid colon

Answer 79

"S" shape

Question 80

mass movements in the large intestine are...

Answer 80

...common after meals

Question 81

feces in the rectum causes...

Answer 81

...rectification

Question 82

time to digest

Answer 82

carbohydrates - shortest time - complex carbs takes a little to get into the blood - simple sugars don't take long lipids - stay in the stomach the longest proteins - 2nd longest time in stomach