Respiratory System Review

Question 1

Structures of the mediastinum

Answer 1

Heart, major vessels of heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, lymph nodes of chest

Question 2

Innervation of the Diaphragm

Answer 2

Phrenic nerve, C3-C5

Question 3

Lobes and names of the lungs

Answer 3

Right - 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

Left - 2 lobes (upper, lower)

Question 4

Structures of the respiratory system

Answer 4

Upper - Nasal cavity, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

Lower - Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 5

Chemoreceptors

Answer 5

Structures that monitor O2 and CO2 in the blood

Question 6

Medulla

Answer 6

Respiratory center of the brain

Question 7

Function of Alveoli

Answer 7

Release CO2 and absorb O2 from capillaries

Question 8

Dyspnea

Answer 8

Abnormal, difficult, painful breathing

Question 9

Orthopnea

Answer 9

Difficulty breathing while supine

Question 10

Apnea

Answer 10

Periods of no breathing

Question 11

Tachypnea

Answer 11

Rapid breathing

Question 12

Rhinorrhea

Answer 12

Runny Nose (Nose discharge)

Question 13

Pursed lip breathing

Answer 13

Using accessory muscles to blow out trapped air through pursed lips, increases pressure in airways

Question 14

Rales, crackles

Answer 14

Abnormal musical sounds on inspiration

Question 15

Rhonchi

Answer 15

Dry rattling sound because airway obstruction on expiration or inspiration

Question 16

Atelectasis

Answer 16

Collapsed lung

Question 17

Pneumonia

Answer 17

Inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli due to infection

Question 18

Pneumonitis

Answer 18

Inflammation without pathogen origins

Question 19

Empyema

Answer 19

Collection of pus in chest cavity

Question 20

Pneumothorax

Answer 20

Air in pleural cavity, or leak of air

Question 21

Hemothorax

Answer 21

Collection of blood in chest cavity

Question 22

Pulmonary Embolus

Answer 22

Blood clot in the lung (pulmonary artery)

Question 23

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 23

Leakage of fluid out of the vascular system into the air spaces of the lungs

Question 24

Clubbing of the digits

Answer 24

Caused by poor oxygenation

Question 25

Symptoms of COPD

Answer 25

Dyspnea, chronic cough, wheezing, cyanosis, weight loss, pursed lip breathing, barrel chest

Question 26

Mechanism of COPD

Answer 26

High CO2 —> Compensate by trying to break off excess CO2 —> Body adapts to high CO2 —> Low O2

Question 27

Mechanism of Emphysema

Answer 27

Air trapped in alveoli —> decreases O2 exchange —> dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, coughing

Question 28

Mechanism of ARDs

Answer 28

Fluid escapes the vascular system and fills the alveoli leading to acute respiratory failure