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02A - Medical Diseases > Inflammation and Infection Review > Flashcards

Inflammation and Infection Review Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Tissue injury = ______________

A

Damage occurs

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0
Q

Histamine release causes ____________

A

Vasodilation

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1
Q

Tissue injury = ______________

A

Damage occurs

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2
Q

Vasodilation causes __________ and ____________

A

Redness, heat

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2
Q

Vasodilation causes __________ and ____________

A

Redness, heat

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3
Q

Chemotaxis = chemical release causes cells to ________

A

Move

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3
Q

Chemotaxis = chemical release causes cells to ________

A

Move

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4
Q

Vasodilation causes ___________ which accumulates as _________

A

Leakage of fluid, edema

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4
Q

Vasodilation causes ___________ which accumulates as _________

A

Leakage of fluid, edema

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5
Q

The following WBC arrive in this order to clean up _________, _________ and _________.

A

Microorganisms, foreign material, dead cells

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5
Q

The following WBC arrive in this order to clean up _________, _________ and _________.

A

Microorganisms, foreign material, dead cells

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6
Q

_____________

Dead ___________ collectively are called _______.

A

Neutrophils, neutrophils, pus

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7
Q

2nd WBC

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

2nd WBC

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

3rd WBC

A

Lymphocytes

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8
Q

3rd WBC

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Pain results from ____________ pressing on nerve endings.

A

Edema

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9
Q

Pain results from ____________ pressing on nerve endings.

A

Edema

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10
Q

Pain causes a pt to ___________, which results in ______________

A

Guard, loss of function

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11
Q

Inflammation and infection are both ___________.

A

Immune responses

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12
Q

Bacterial invasion occurs with __________, but not with ____________.

A

Infection, inflammation

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12
Q

Bacterial invasion occurs with __________, but not with ____________.

A

Infection, inflammation

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13
Q

Antibiotics are effective for treating ____________, but not __________.

A

Bacteria, viruses

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14
Q

Antibiotics are effective for treating ____________, but not __________.

A

Bacteria, viruses

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15
Q

Infection “Nutshell”

A
  • Organism INVADES host
  • Develop PARASITIC relation with host
  • Microorganism invades and MULTIPLIES
  • Host develops IMMUNE RESPONSE with s/s
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16
Q

Chain of Transmission

A
  • MICROORGANISM: bateria, pathogen, virus
  • HUMAN, animal, inanimate OBJECT
  • Exit through BLOOD, INTESTINAL TRACT, RESPIRATORY TRACT, SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANE, OPEN LESIONS, excretions, tears, semen
  • Transmission through AIRBORNE, DROPLETS, DIRECT CONTACT
  • Entry through NON-INTACT SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANE, BLOOD, INHALATION, INGESTION, percutaeous injection
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17
Q

Categories of Precautions

A

Standard, Transmission-based

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18
Q

Standard precautions (Basic Elements)

A

Handwashing

PPE (Gloves, Gowns, Mask or Goggles)

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19
Q

Airborne Precautions

A
  • Private room with monitored air pressure (Air 6-12 change regularly)
  • Respiratory protection worn when enter toom
  • Room door remains closed, patient wears mask
20
Q

Droplet Precautions

A
  • Private room and door remain closed
  • Maintain 3-5 feet between pt and others
  • Wear facemask when working within 3-5 feet
  • Limit pt transport outside of room; pt should wear mask
21
Q

Contact Precautions

A
  • Private Room
  • Wear gloves and gowns (Remove prior to leaving room)
  • Limit pt transport outside of the room
  • Do not share equipment
22
Q

Specific immunity

A

Identifying invader before killing it

23
Q

Non-specific immunity

A

Protecting body against all invaders

24
Q

Purpose of inflammation response

A

Isolate, destroy, clean up, promote healing

25
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

Tissue injury, release of chemicals, leukocyte migration, lymphocyte

26
Q

What causes these signs? Redness & heat, Edema, Pain, Loss of function

A

Redness, heat: Release of chemicals
Edema: Leukocyte migration
Pain: Pressure on nerve endings
Loss of function: Guarding

27
Q

A scab over a superficial skin abrasion is an example of what kind of exudates?

A

Fibrinious

28
Q

Purulent exudates is (made up of):

A

Dead neutrophils, debris, bacteria)

29
Q

Necrotic tissue that is hard, black or brown, leathery

A

Eschar

30
Q

Interventions PTs and PTAs use to promote wound healing

A

Debridement, dressings, e-stim, ultrasound, whirlpool, pulsatile lavage, wound vac, short wave diathermy, ultraviolet radiation

31
Q

Debridement

A

Washing or cutting necrotic tissue to allow healing

32
Q

Types of debridement

A

Mechanical, Sharp (scissors, scalpel), Chemical, Autolytic (Occlusive dressing)

33
Q

Three types of infection

A

Normal flora - Normal bacteria exist around us, but do not cause illness
Pathogen - Microorganisms that produce disease
Opportunistic infection - Normal flora become pathogenic because they take the opportunity to cause infection in the host

34
Q

Three transmission-based precautions

A

Airborne - Droplets in air or dust particles
Droplet - Mucous membranes
Contact - Direct touching contact

35
Q

Antibody

A

Immunoglobulins

36
Q

Hepatitis is what type of immunity?

A

Active artificial (acquired) immunity

37
Q

Two primary organs of the immune system

A

Thymus, Bone marrow

38
Q

Two secondary organs of the immune system

A

Spleen, Liver

39
Q

Three types of lymphocytes

A

T-Cells, B-Cells, Plasma Cells

40
Q

Cells that act on local tissue where infection is detected

A

T-Cells, Destroy microorganisms

41
Q

Cells that act on distant tissue where infection is detected

A

B-Cells, Make antibodies to destroy and remember antigens

42
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A

Hay Fever

43
Q

Asthma physiological response

A

Bronchospasms

44
Q

Vascular, systemic response of the skin

A

Urticaria (Hives)

45
Q

Localized skin response

A

Contact dermatitis

46
Q

Symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

Mild - Itching, swelling, hives

Severe - Itching, swelling of airway, BP drop, drop in body temperature, loss of consciousness

47
Q

Treatment for anaphylaxis

A

Epinephrine injector, antihistamines, steroid, avoidance

48
Q

Cause of autoimmune disorders

A

Idiopathic (unknown)

49
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Affects the heart, joints and skin - group of bacteria protein resembles protein of heart and other connective tissues so body forms antibodies to attack those tissues and end up attacking real heart/connective tissues

50
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Inflammation of connective tissue (primarily joint) - Synovial inflammation, pain, stiffness, ankyosis, collagen, nodule formation in heart, eyes

51
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Structure - neuromuscular junction
Symptoms - weakness, fatigue, can affect eyes, muscles of mastication
Neurotransmitter - acetylcholine (too little)

52
Q

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

A

Viral infection alters body’s carbohydrate and super metabolism, so body fails to produce insulin

53
Q

Lupus

A

Sign - Facial butterfly rash
Mechanism - B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that attack cell’s DNA & RNA
Test - Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)

54
Q

Scleroderma

A

Chronic hardening and thickening of connective tissue, including skin

55
Q

Exercise considerations of chronic fatigue syndrome

A

PT should have controlled exercise to prevent deconditioning, atrophy, educate to prevent overexertion

56
Q

Compare fibromyalgia and myofascial pain

A

Fibromyalgia is systemic pain at 11 of 18 pts, Myofascial pain is localized, referred pain

57
Q

Blood Type Universal Donor? Recipient

A 
Donor = Type O
Recipient = Type AB
58
Q

What happens if wrong blood type is transfused?

A

Microthrombi, antibodies attack and break down the donor RBCs

59
Q

Erthroblastosis fetalis

A

RH2- mother with RH1+ baby could develop antibodies that attack fetus during future pregnancies, so inject mother with antigen

60
Q

3 mechanisms of vaccination

A

Dead antigen, Very weak antigen, Synthetic compound that mimics antigen

02A - Medical Diseases (12 decks)

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