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Radiography Fall 2015(2nd Year) > Respiratory System Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory System Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What lines the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal Pleura

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2
Q

What adheres directly to lung tissue?

A

Visceral Pleura

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3
Q

What is the most frequent exam done in Radiology departments?

A

CXR

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4
Q

What is the importance of correct exposure factors?

A

Incorrect exposure factors can hide or create pathologies

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5
Q

Difference between position and projection

A

Position is the arrangement of patients body (supine or erect). Projection is the path of the x-ray beam (AP or PA)

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6
Q

What is pectus excavatum?

A

Depressed sternum–This can displace the heart

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7
Q

What is mediastinal emphysema?

A

This occurs when there has been a disruption in the esophagus or airway and air is trapped inside mediastinum

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8
Q

What can cause a mediastinal emphysema?

A

Chest trauma, endoscopy, violent vomiting, or can be spontaneous

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9
Q

What is subcutaneous emphysema?

A

Air that has escaped into subcutaneous tissues of chest and neck

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10
Q

What is the advantage of helical or spiral CT?

A

Allows imaging entire chest with one breath hold, which allows better evaluation of the chest

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11
Q

What can NM Pet Scans differentiate between?

A

Benign and malignant tumors

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12
Q

What’s an ET tube is?

A

A large plastic tube inserted thru nose or mouth into the trachea

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13
Q

What does an ET tube manage?

A

Airway–allows for suctioning and allows for mechanical ventilation

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14
Q

What is the correct placement of the ET tube?

A

Below the vocal chords and above the carina

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15
Q

What is a chest tube?

A

A large plastic tube inserted thru the chest wall between the ribs

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the chest tube?

A

It allows for drainage of air (pneumothorax) and or fluid (pleural effusion) and allows for the lungs to inflate to help patient breathe normally

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17
Q

Where is the chest tube placed at on the chest wall for air drainage?

A

High on the chest wall

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18
Q

Where is the chest tube placed at on he chest wall for fluid drainage?

A

low on chest wall

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19
Q

What Pulmonary artery (swan-ganz) catheter evaluate?

A

cardiac function

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter?

A

Diagnoses and manages heart failure resulting from myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock

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21
Q

What access catheter is more commonly used the Port-A-Cath or Hickman? Why?

A

Port-A-Cath because they are not open to the outside and less likely to become infected

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22
Q

What respiratory failure is?

A

Lack of respiratory function or lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

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23
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

An autosomal recessive gene affecting exocrine glands

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24
Q

What organs does cystic fibrosis affects?

A

All exocrine glands, salivary glands, small bowel, pancreas, biliary tract, female cervix, and male genital system

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25
Q

How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?

A

By sweat tests; lab findings of elevated sodium and chloride levels

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26
Q

What is hyaline membrane disease better known as?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ROS)

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27
Q

What Hyaline membrane disease is?

A

It affects premature infants born at less than 37 weeks gestation. Incomplete maturation of type II alveolar cells. The deficiency of the surfactant producing system causes unstable alveoli and structures where gas exchange occurs

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28
Q

What is the most frequent lung infection?

A

pneumonia

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29
Q

What the most common lethal nosocomial disease?

A

pneumococcal (lobular) pneumonia

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30
Q

What is a pneumatocele?

A

A thin walled air containing cyst

31
Q

What type of pneumonia can mimic TB in severe cases?

A

mycoplasma pneumonia

32
Q

What causes aspiration pneumonia?

A

acid vomitus in lower respiratory tract

33
Q

When does aspiration pneumonia generally occur?

A

It may follow anesthesia, alcohol intoxication, or stroke that causes loss of cough reflex

34
Q

Pneumonia that is commonly caused by the flu?

A

Viral (Interstitial) Pneumonia

35
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

A permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall

36
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A

Skin test diagnosis

37
Q

Where is TB commonly seen at?

A

The lesions are most commonly seen in the apices of the lungs

38
Q

What chest projection best demonstrates TB?

A

lordotic chest

39
Q

What is the most common symptom of TB?

A

Morning cough producing minimal mucus

40
Q

How is TB spread?

A

It is spread through sputum and airborne droplets expelled during coughing

41
Q

What are 2 common conditions that make up COPD?

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

42
Q

If COPD is irreversible and what it results in?

A

It is irreversible and it results in limited air flow

43
Q

What are the risk factors for COPD?

A

Cigarette smoking(leading), air pollution, airborne chemical fumes, inhalation of hazardous dust

44
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A condition in which the lungs alveoli become distended usually from a loss of elasticity or interference with expiration

45
Q

How is emphysema radiographically seen?

A

It is normal at first but as the disease progresses hyperinflation of the lungs occur

46
Q

What is the shape of individuals chest with emphysema?

A

barrel-shaped chest

47
Q

What are 3 types of pnemoconioses?

A

-silicosis -anthracosis -asbestosis

48
Q

Anthracosis is commonly known as?

A

Black Lung Disease

49
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

A localized area of dead lung tissue. Necrotic lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris causes by pneumonia and organisms that invade the lungs

50
Q

Which lung an abscess is more common in and why?

A

Right–because of vertical orientation of the right main bronchus

51
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura

52
Q

What the term pleurisy indicates?

A

Inconsequential thoracic pain

53
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Results when excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity. this is a frequent manifestation of a serious thoracic disease; usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin

54
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

A pleural effusion containing blood commonly due to trauma

55
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of pleural effusion?

A

blunted costophrenic angles

56
Q

What is thoracocentesis?

A

Used to remove excess fluids for symptom alleviation, laboratory analysis, and identifying type of fluid that is present.

57
Q

What is a pulmonary edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid into lung tissue and alveoli

58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema?

A

Tacypnea, labored shallow breathing, cyanosis, uses neck muscles to breathe

59
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Blockage of a pulmonary artery by fat, air, tumor, tissue, or thrombus (usually coming from lower leg)

60
Q

What is the most common sinus affected by sinusitis and why?

A

ethmoid sinus– proximity to the nose

61
Q

What is the most common fatal primary malignancy?

A

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

62
Q

What is the 2nd most common finding associated with bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Solitary radiopaque lung nodule

63
Q

BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE DISEASE RADIOGRAPHICALLY

A

look on powerpoint and book

64
Q

Is cystic fibrosis additive or subtractive?

A

additive

65
Q

Is hyaline membrane disease additive or subtractive?

A

additive

66
Q

Is pneumonia additive or subtractive?

A

additive

67
Q

Is bronchiectasis additive or subtractive?

A

additive

68
Q

Is tuberculosis additive and subtractive?

A

additive

69
Q

is COPD additive or subtractive?

A

subtractive

70
Q

Is pneumoconiosis additive or subtractive?

A

additive

71
Q

Is fungal disease additive or subtractive?

A

additive

72
Q

Is a lung abscess additive or subtractive?

A

additive

73
Q

Is pleurisy additive or subtractive?

A

NONE

74
Q

Is a pleural effusion additive or subtractive?

A

additive

Radiography Fall 2015(2nd Year) (20 decks)

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