Respiratory System Pathology Flashcards
What lines the thoracic cavity?
Parietal Pleura
What adheres directly to lung tissue?
Visceral Pleura
What is the most frequent exam done in Radiology departments?
CXR
What is the importance of correct exposure factors?
Incorrect exposure factors can hide or create pathologies
Difference between position and projection
Position is the arrangement of patients body (supine or erect). Projection is the path of the x-ray beam (AP or PA)
What is pectus excavatum?
Depressed sternum–This can displace the heart
What is mediastinal emphysema?
This occurs when there has been a disruption in the esophagus or airway and air is trapped inside mediastinum
What can cause a mediastinal emphysema?
Chest trauma, endoscopy, violent vomiting, or can be spontaneous
What is subcutaneous emphysema?
Air that has escaped into subcutaneous tissues of chest and neck
What is the advantage of helical or spiral CT?
Allows imaging entire chest with one breath hold, which allows better evaluation of the chest
What can NM Pet Scans differentiate between?
Benign and malignant tumors
What’s an ET tube is?
A large plastic tube inserted thru nose or mouth into the trachea
What does an ET tube manage?
Airway–allows for suctioning and allows for mechanical ventilation
What is the correct placement of the ET tube?
Below the vocal chords and above the carina
What is a chest tube?
A large plastic tube inserted thru the chest wall between the ribs
What is the purpose of the chest tube?
It allows for drainage of air (pneumothorax) and or fluid (pleural effusion) and allows for the lungs to inflate to help patient breathe normally
Where is the chest tube placed at on the chest wall for air drainage?
High on the chest wall
Where is the chest tube placed at on he chest wall for fluid drainage?
low on chest wall
What Pulmonary artery (swan-ganz) catheter evaluate?
cardiac function
What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter?
Diagnoses and manages heart failure resulting from myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock
What access catheter is more commonly used the Port-A-Cath or Hickman? Why?
Port-A-Cath because they are not open to the outside and less likely to become infected
What respiratory failure is?
Lack of respiratory function or lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
What is cystic fibrosis?
An autosomal recessive gene affecting exocrine glands
What organs does cystic fibrosis affects?
All exocrine glands, salivary glands, small bowel, pancreas, biliary tract, female cervix, and male genital system
How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?
By sweat tests; lab findings of elevated sodium and chloride levels
What is hyaline membrane disease better known as?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ROS)
What Hyaline membrane disease is?
It affects premature infants born at less than 37 weeks gestation. Incomplete maturation of type II alveolar cells. The deficiency of the surfactant producing system causes unstable alveoli and structures where gas exchange occurs
What is the most frequent lung infection?
pneumonia
What the most common lethal nosocomial disease?
pneumococcal (lobular) pneumonia
What is a pneumatocele?
A thin walled air containing cyst
What type of pneumonia can mimic TB in severe cases?
mycoplasma pneumonia
What causes aspiration pneumonia?
acid vomitus in lower respiratory tract
When does aspiration pneumonia generally occur?
It may follow anesthesia, alcohol intoxication, or stroke that causes loss of cough reflex
Pneumonia that is commonly caused by the flu?
Viral (Interstitial) Pneumonia
What is bronchiectasis?
A permanent abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall
How is TB diagnosed?
Skin test diagnosis
Where is TB commonly seen at?
The lesions are most commonly seen in the apices of the lungs
What chest projection best demonstrates TB?
lordotic chest
What is the most common symptom of TB?
Morning cough producing minimal mucus
How is TB spread?
It is spread through sputum and airborne droplets expelled during coughing
What are 2 common conditions that make up COPD?
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
If COPD is irreversible and what it results in?
It is irreversible and it results in limited air flow
What are the risk factors for COPD?
Cigarette smoking(leading), air pollution, airborne chemical fumes, inhalation of hazardous dust
What is emphysema?
A condition in which the lungs alveoli become distended usually from a loss of elasticity or interference with expiration
How is emphysema radiographically seen?
It is normal at first but as the disease progresses hyperinflation of the lungs occur
What is the shape of individuals chest with emphysema?
barrel-shaped chest
What are 3 types of pnemoconioses?
-silicosis -anthracosis -asbestosis
Anthracosis is commonly known as?
Black Lung Disease
What is a lung abscess?
A localized area of dead lung tissue. Necrotic lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris causes by pneumonia and organisms that invade the lungs
Which lung an abscess is more common in and why?
Right–because of vertical orientation of the right main bronchus
What is pleurisy?
Inflammation of the pleura
What the term pleurisy indicates?
Inconsequential thoracic pain
What is a pleural effusion?
Results when excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity. this is a frequent manifestation of a serious thoracic disease; usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin
What is a hemothorax?
A pleural effusion containing blood commonly due to trauma
What is the radiographic appearance of pleural effusion?
blunted costophrenic angles
What is thoracocentesis?
Used to remove excess fluids for symptom alleviation, laboratory analysis, and identifying type of fluid that is present.
What is a pulmonary edema?
Accumulation of fluid into lung tissue and alveoli
What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema?
Tacypnea, labored shallow breathing, cyanosis, uses neck muscles to breathe
What is a pulmonary embolism?
Blockage of a pulmonary artery by fat, air, tumor, tissue, or thrombus (usually coming from lower leg)
What is the most common sinus affected by sinusitis and why?
ethmoid sinus– proximity to the nose
What is the most common fatal primary malignancy?
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
What is the 2nd most common finding associated with bronchogenic carcinoma?
Solitary radiopaque lung nodule
BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE DISEASE RADIOGRAPHICALLY
look on powerpoint and book
Is cystic fibrosis additive or subtractive?
additive
Is hyaline membrane disease additive or subtractive?
additive
Is pneumonia additive or subtractive?
additive
Is bronchiectasis additive or subtractive?
additive
Is tuberculosis additive and subtractive?
additive
is COPD additive or subtractive?
subtractive
Is pneumoconiosis additive or subtractive?
additive
Is fungal disease additive or subtractive?
additive
Is a lung abscess additive or subtractive?
additive
Is pleurisy additive or subtractive?
NONE
Is a pleural effusion additive or subtractive?
additive
