respiratory system (NOT FINISHED)

Question 1

partial pressure ??? add more

Answer 1

pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases

gasses dissolve readily in liquids (H2O)

Question 2

gills

Answer 2

pumps H2O into mouth- over gills arches (moves jaw and operculum) the gill has two rows of filaments these are made of flattened plates called lamella. blood flow through capillaries and lamella picks up the H2O –the countercurrent flow of water and blood maintains partial pressure gradient and the O2 diffuses out of water into blood

Question 3

insect tracheal system

Answer 3

branched internal tubes connected to openings that eventually attach to air sacs. rings of chitin keep the trachea open and the trachea branch into tracheoles which deliver air directly to cells

Question 4

structures of respiratory system

Answer 4

• nose- odour receptors
  -pharynx- food and air go through
  -larynx- voice box
  -trachea- cartilage rings keep it open and cilia keep things out
  -bronchi- trachea branch into bronchi which branch into bronchioles which terminate at alveoli
  LUNGS- alveolar sacs are surrounded by capillaries this is where gas exchange occurs – there are two pleural membranes one covers lungs and one lines the pleural cavity in between the two membranes is the inter pleural space the pressure in there is negative because it is less than one atmosphere if this space is punctured the lungs will collapse :/

Question 5

function of pleural membranes

Answer 5

1. seals pleural cavity
2. maintains negative pressure around lugs and prevents the lungs from collapsing
3. reduces friction when lungs move

Question 6

Breathing

Answer 6

done by negative pressure –impulses from breathing centre cause the diaphragm to contract pulling the lungs down and the intercostal muscles to contract pulling the ribs out also causing the lungs to expand. the outer pleural membrane moves out with the ribcage and because there is less that one atmosphere of pressure in the inter pleural space the inner membrane moves with it and the lungs expand. this decreases the pressure in the lungs so then air from outside the body rushes in. exhalation is passive - everything relaxes
-alveoli street receptors send impulses to breathing centre and intercostal muscles relax and move down the diaphragm also relaxes – the lungs volume decreases restoring the pressure

Question 7

pleural membranes (names )

Answer 7

outer- called parietal pleura

inner called visceral pleura

Question 8

stimulus for breathing

Answer 8

primary loop-
high co2 and high acid ( in blood) chemo receptors in the respiratory centre of medulla oblongata detect( AUTONOMIC NS) there is an increase in the SNS and a decrease in the PNS– then breathing and heart rate increase
secondary loop-
low O2– carotid and aortic bodies detect- send impulse to the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata–increase SNS AND PNS which increases breathing rate and heart rate

Question 9

acclimatization

Answer 9

kidney controls O2 levels

low O2 and low bv– kidney detects and releases EPO (ERYTHROPOIETIN) then bone marrow increase RBC production