Plants

Question 1

derived traits of plants

Answer 1

1. alernation of generations– gametophyte(haploid multicellular) produces haploid gametes by mitosis then two gametes unite and produce zygote which develops into a multicellular diploid sporophyte the sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spores, the spores develop into the gametophyte which produces the gametes
2. embryophytes- land plants- female sporophyte and tis gametophyte retain and protect important embryonic tissue
3. walled spores in sporangia- sporophyte stage of plant life cycle has organs called sporangia that produce incased spores have walls
4. apical meristems- regions of growth-tips of roots and shoots

Question 2

fungi

Answer 2

heterotrophic and absorb nutrients(secreting hydrolytic enzymes) they are multicellular filament shapes and they have cell walls made of chitin(promotes osmosis into cells and increases nutrient uptake) hyphae- filaments that form an interwoven mass called mycelium
fungi and plants form symbiotic relationships
haustoria are attached to hyphae and they enter the plant cells where nutrients are exchanged. this is called mycorrhizae contain plant roots and hyphae

Question 3

fungal groups

Answer 3

a b c g z
a- ascomycetes- cup shaped sac- source of antibiotics- spores line the inside of the cup
b-basidiomycetes- mushroom club- decomposers- spores called basidia
c-chyrridiomycetes-branched hyphae- flagellated spores
g-glometromycetes- mycorrhizal symbiotic relationship with 80% of all plants
z-zygomycetes- hyphae grow rapidly in food like breadmold and they can be parasitic

Question 4

types of plants

Answer 4

bryophytes- non vascular (liverworts and moss)–gametophyte dominant stage and the sporophyte stage is reduced
ferns- vascular but seedless (lycophtes and monilophytes)
gymnosperms and angiosperms- seed plants -conifers and flowering plants ferns and seed plants both have the dominant stage of their life as sporophytes but the gametophyte stage is small and reduced

Question 5

plant structures (organs)

Answer 5

-ROOTS- receive sugars and anchor plants and absorb minerals and water, they also store carbohydrates and can have a symbiotic relationship with fungi
STEM- elongates and orients plant– maximize photosynthesis alternating nodes where leaves are attached internodes are sections in between nodes
– apical buds grow up and axillary buds form lateral branches –rhyzomes, stolons, tubers– modified shoots bellow ground that aid in root growth, asexual runners, carbohydrate storage.
LEAVES- photosynthetic organ- gas exchange- dissipate heat and defence

Question 6

plant tissue

Answer 6

1. dermal- outter protective covering made of epidermis and cuticle or in trees the periderm- the epidermis consists of tightly packed cells that minimize H2O loss
2. vascular tissue- nutrient and water movement and it supports the plant (tree) xylem and phloem
3. ground tissue– not dermal or vascular and if its internal to vascular tissue its known as the pith and outside the vascular tissue it is known as the cortex

Question 7

ground tissue cells

Answer 7

• parenchyma cells- metabolic function and synthesize and store organic products, they have colourless plastids that store starch.
• collenchyma cells- support young plant parts of shoot
• sclerenchyma cells- support elements but are more rigid then collenchyma cells
• tracheids + vessel elements- tubular elongated cells that conduct water
• sieve tube element- transport carbohydrates (sucrose)
• companion cells- in phloem and close to sieve element and they regulate sieve element sugars

Question 8

seed plants

Answer 8

came about 360 mya theres gymnosperms with naked seeds and angiosperms with closed seeds

Question 9

gymnosperms

Answer 9

conifers produce cones and have thick cuticles and needle like leaves for dry climates.

Question 10

angiosperms

Answer 10

90% of all plants and there are monocots and dicots
-monocots-single cotyledon- parallel veins- floral parts in multiples of 3 - scattered vascular bundles -fibrous root
-eudicot- double cotyledon -branched veins -floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 -vascular bundles in a ring -taproot
GROWTH- only occurs at the apical meristems at the stem branch or root ti[s the meristematic tissue is unspecialized and make new cells by mitosis that then specialize
SECONDARY GROWTH- eudicot- increase in width at the cork cambium and vascular cambium the two meristems that produce growth

Question 11

flower

Answer 11

stamen- male organ with anther that holds the pollen and the filament that holds up the anther
pistil or carpel is the female organ which has the stigma that catches the pollen and the style which leads to the ovule

Question 12

double fertilization

Answer 12

megasporagium in ovule produces 4 megaspore then one produces the female gametophyte. on the anther of the male sex organ the microsporangium also produces microspores and these develop into pollen grains (two sperm in one pollen grain) and a tube cell will form the pollen tube. fertilization occurs when the pollen tube grows to the ovule the two sperm are discharged into the ovule and double fertilization occurs where one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm fertilizes the central cell which has two polar nuclei- this forms the endosperm which is food for the embryo inside the seed