RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: module 3 Flashcards
how do bacteria (single-celled) organelles respire
absorb gases through diffusion
as they have a high SA:V ratio
alveolus adaptations
large SA for large surface to exchange gases
lots of capillaries to mantain steep conc gradient allowing quick diffusion of gases
one cell thick walls gives short (quick) diffusion distance to gases
movement of air from outside to blood stream
breath in O2 from nose and mouth
goes down trachea
into the two bronchi
branching off into bronchioles
to the alveoli
where o2 diffuses out into capillaries
goblet cells: respiratory system
line the trachea, bronchi (sometime even bronchioles)
they secrete mucus to trap pathogens
cilia: respiratory system
found in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
they waft mucus to the throat to be swallowed
elastic fibres: respiratory system
found in trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli
fibres stretch when inhale and relax when exhale
smooth muscle: respiratory system
found in trachea bronchi and bronchioles
control and relax to expand or narrow airways
cartilage: respiratory system
found in trachea and bronchi
allows flexibilty
provides support preventing airways from collapsing during pressure changes
inhaling
diaphragm contracts and flattens
rib cage moves up and out
increasing volume of thorax = dropping the pressure
forcing air into lungs
exhaling
diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
rib cage moves down and in
reducing volume of thorax
increasing pressure in lungs
forcing air out
tidal volume
volume of air in each breath
vital capacity
maximum volume of air a person can expel from lungs after a maximum inhalation
breathing rate
number of breaths taken in a min (breaths/min)
oxygen consumption
Volume of o2 used by body
spirometers
machine that draws a trace of the volume of air breathed in and out
soda lime
absorbs co2 breathed out
gas exchange in fish
mouth opens expanding buccal cavity
dropping pressure in mouth
forcing water into buccal cavity
mouth closes
increasing pressure forcing water over gills
operculum opens allowing water to leave gills
gill adaptations
many gill fillaments stacked on top of each other
gill fillaments covered in lamellae
increases surface area for gas exchange
thin walls to reduce diffusion distance
good capillary network to reduce diffusion distance
counter current system in fish
blood in capillaries flows opposite to the water flow to maintain steep concentration gradient
for efficient diffusion of gases
insects gas exchange
spiracles are small opening that open to allow gas in
trachea connected to spiracle goes to tracheoeles
that delivers o2 directly to cells
