CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY: Module 4 Flashcards
taxonomy
grouping organisms according to their characteristics
taxonomical classification:
Does king philip cry or fuck German spies
Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
specie
5 kindoms
animals
plants
fungi
protoctists
bacteria
saprotrophic
extracellular digestion fungi do
by releasing enzymes to decompose matter
to absorb via its roots
how do we name species
Genus and Specie
(put words in itallics)
(capitalise the first letter of the genus)
molecular phylogeny
study of molecules (like RNA) within an organism
what does a phylogenetic tree show
how closely (genetically) related species are to each other
what other evidence may scientists use to classify organisms
embryonic (similar embryo development)
behavioural (similarities in behaviours)
anatomical (similarities in physical structures)
three domain system
- eukarya
- bacteria
- archaea
why is bacteria divided in the two domain system
-large differences in RNA and histone structures
-different flagella compositions
variation
individuals within a population show a range of phenotypes (observable traits like eye colour)
what causes variation
genetics
environment
intraspecific variation
variation within a specie
interspecific variation
variation between different species
monogenic characteristics
controlled by one gene
discontinuous variation
charcteristics that can be grouped into distinct categories (e.g use a bar chart to show blood type)
continuous variation
charecteristics influenced by many genes at different loci
(e.g use a line graph to show height)
Standard deviation
measure of the spread of values about the mean
represented by error bars that go above and below the bar on a bar chart
what are the three types of adaptations
behavioural
physiological
anatomical
behavioural adaptations
the way organisms act
(like fish swimming together for pretection)
physiological adaptations
the process that occur within the body of an organism
(like sloths have a slow metabolism so they can survive on low calories)
anatomical adaptations
structural features that increases organism chances of survival
(like polar bears are camoflaged against snow)
convergent evolution
organisms in different taxonomic groups have similar characteristics
because they evolve in similar environments
(they can end up looking alike despite being unrelated)
divergent evolution
species that diverge into two or more evolutionary groups
natural selection to evolution
- genetic variation within a population
- mutation happens in organism introducing new alleles to population
- organisms with advantageous characteristics survive
- these organisms reproduce and pass down their desirable characteristics to their off springs
- this continuous increasing the frequency of advantageous alleles
- leading to an evolved specie population
evidence for evolution
- arranging fossils in order shows gradual change of species over time
- DNA evidence shows relationships between divergent populations
- similarities in antibodies
insects evolution against pesticide resistance
mutation in insects allowed survival against pesticide
the insect survives and reproduces
passing on advantageous allele to offspring
which does the same
evolving a population of insects resistant to pesticide
why is pesticide resistance an issue
- low food yeild as insects can feed on them
- leads to more vector insects
- expensive as requires different pesticides to be produced
