Respiratory System Disorders Flashcards
Define hemothorax
blood within the pleural cavity
Define chylothorax
lymph within the pleural cavity
Define empyema
pus/ purulent exudate in pleural cavity
Define pleural effusion
clear fluid mostly from pleuritis in pleural cavity
Define atelectasis
lung collapse, mostly as a result of pneumothorax
Define pleuritic pain (pleurisy)
chest and/or upper/middle back pain, aggravated by coughing and inspiration
Define thoracentesis
procedure for removal of any fluid from the pleural acvity
Define thoracostomy
(needle or tube) procedure for removal of air from the pleural cavity
Define bronchiectasis
permanent dilation of the bronchus with obstruction by an infection material (exudate) due to chronic bacterial and viral infections as a result of chronic respiratory obstruction (COPD, cystic fibrosis, cancer, immunodeficiency, sometimes congenital causes)
Cough without sputum can be caused by ______
GERD, asthma
Productive cough be caused by what in smokers? non smokers?
non-smokers: asthma, post-nasal drip syndrome,
smokers: chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is most often caused by ______
smoking
What does color of sputum indicate? (i.e. clear, yellow, green)
colorless/ clear - virus
yellow - bacteria
green - bacteria (pseudomonias aerugenosae)
Wheezing is ________ and can be caused by __________
high pitch sound from collapsed bronchioles
asthma, heart failure, GERD, COPD, allergy, pneumonia, bronchitis
List the signs and symptoms of respiratory disorders
SOB dyspnea cough (with or w/sputum, blood) chest pain noisy breathing somnolence (due to hypoxia) loss of appetite weight loss cynosis (blue lips, tongue, fingers suggesting hypoxia) signs of right CHF aka Cor Pulmonales finger clubbing
Define pneumothorax
air within the pleural cavity
Spirometry is aka _________ and is defined as _________. A normal reading is __________ however a reading of >=80% can indicate ____________
PFT - Pulmonary Function Test
ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume per 1 second and Forced Vital Capacity of the lung: FEV1/FVC
> = 75-80%
restrictive pulmonary disease
What are the criteria for a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?
coughing for 3 months within 2 consecutive years with expectorations
What part(s) of the respiratory system comprises the “anatomical dead space”? What is its significance?
mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
no gas exchange occurs within these areas
Define dyspnea
difficulty in breathing, often described as shortness of breath or breathlessness
Define hemopthysis
coughing up blood
Dyspnea is observed in at least three major cardiopulmonary disease states. List them.
- Primary lung diseases, e.g. pneumonia, asthma, emphysema
- heart disease characterized by pulmonary congestion, e.g. right congestive heart failure
- neuromuscular disorders, e.g myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy
Obstructive lung diseases are diseases of the lung where ___________.
Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____________.
- the bronchial tubes become narrowed making it hard to move air in and out of the lung
- loss of lung compliance, causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness (decreased surfactant)
Describe a tension pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity cannot escape so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life threatening situation
Pulmonary embolism is _________. The most common source of pulmonary embolism is _________
- a blood clot that lodges in the lungs
- DVT, deep vein thrombosis
Sleep apnea is ________. Describe the types of sleep apnea and their etiologies.
-a disorder of breathing mechanics where regular breathing is disrupted during sleep
- obstructive sleep apnea - physical obstruction of airways
- central sleep apnea - dysfunction of brain stem breathing and rhythmicity centers
Asthma is _________
an inflammation of the lungs in which the airways are reversibly narrowed
Asthma is chronic but reversible (T/F)
True
Asthma can be classified as either allergic aka _________ which is a type ____ hypersensitivity, or __________ which is caused by ____________
- atopic, extrinsic
- I
- intrinsic
- an imbalance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
COPD stands for __________ and refers to _______ and ________
-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
COPD is caused by __________ which trigger __________
- noxious particles or gas, most commonly from smoking
- an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung
Central cyanosis is _______
Peripheral cyanosis is _________
- blue mouth and lips
- blue extremities
In chronic bronchitis the airways of the lung are narrowed via ___________
- metaplasia and fibrosis of airway walls
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells and mucus glands causing more mucus
In emphysema the surface area available for gas exchange is reduced by ____________
inflammation of alveoli leading to destruction of alveoli walls
Cor pulmonale is _________
abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels.
Tuberculosis is __________
an infectious disease that creates granulomas in the lungs but can also affect the CNS, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, GI system, bones, joints and the skin
Pneumonia is _______
inflammation of lung alveoli and abnormal filling of fluid in alveoli
The most common cause of pneumonia is ________ but can also be caused by _________
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- other bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, chemical or physical injury to lungs
What is lobar pneumonia?
What is multilobar pnemonia?
What is bronchial pneumonia?
What is interstitial pneumonia?
- pneumonia that only involves a single lobe of the lung
- pneumonia of more than one lobe
- pneumonia affecting lungs in patches around bronchi or bronchioles
- pneumonia in areas between alveoli, “walking pneumonia”
What is cystic fibrosis?
An autosomal recessive disease in which functional chloride ion channels are missing from lung airways, GI tract, reproductive tract and skin, leading to thick mucus accumulations especially in lungs, and GI tract.
Carbon monoxide is dangerous because _________
it binds to hemoglobin 300 times more strongly than oxygen, which can lead to hypoxia
Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include ________
headache, fatigue, drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, breathing problems, chest pain, dark cherry red lips, face, buccal mucosa
CO and hemoglobin combine to form _______
CO2 and hemoglobin combine to form _________
carboxyhemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin
What is COPD?
it is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema where the airways become narrowed
