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Pathophysiology I > Respiratory System Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define hemothorax

A

blood within the pleural cavity

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2
Q

Define chylothorax

A

lymph within the pleural cavity

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3
Q

Define empyema

A

pus/ purulent exudate in pleural cavity

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4
Q

Define pleural effusion

A

clear fluid mostly from pleuritis in pleural cavity

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5
Q

Define atelectasis

A

lung collapse, mostly as a result of pneumothorax

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6
Q

Define pleuritic pain (pleurisy)

A

chest and/or upper/middle back pain, aggravated by coughing and inspiration

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7
Q

Define thoracentesis

A

procedure for removal of any fluid from the pleural acvity

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8
Q

Define thoracostomy

A

(needle or tube) procedure for removal of air from the pleural cavity

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9
Q

Define bronchiectasis

A

permanent dilation of the bronchus with obstruction by an infection material (exudate) due to chronic bacterial and viral infections as a result of chronic respiratory obstruction (COPD, cystic fibrosis, cancer, immunodeficiency, sometimes congenital causes)

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10
Q

Cough without sputum can be caused by ______

A

GERD, asthma

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11
Q

Productive cough be caused by what in smokers? non smokers?

A

non-smokers: asthma, post-nasal drip syndrome,

smokers: chronic bronchitis

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12
Q

Chronic bronchitis is most often caused by ______

A

smoking

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13
Q

What does color of sputum indicate? (i.e. clear, yellow, green)

A

colorless/ clear - virus
yellow - bacteria
green - bacteria (pseudomonias aerugenosae)

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14
Q

Wheezing is ________ and can be caused by __________

A

high pitch sound from collapsed bronchioles

asthma, heart failure, GERD, COPD, allergy, pneumonia, bronchitis

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15
Q

List the signs and symptoms of respiratory disorders

A 
SOB
dyspnea
cough (with or w/sputum, blood)
chest pain
noisy breathing
somnolence (due to hypoxia)
loss of appetite
weight loss
cynosis (blue lips, tongue, fingers suggesting hypoxia)
signs of right CHF aka Cor Pulmonales
finger clubbing
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16
Q

Define pneumothorax

A

air within the pleural cavity

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17
Q

Spirometry is aka _________ and is defined as _________. A normal reading is __________ however a reading of >=80% can indicate ____________

A

PFT - Pulmonary Function Test

ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume per 1 second and Forced Vital Capacity of the lung: FEV1/FVC

> = 75-80%

restrictive pulmonary disease

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18
Q

What are the criteria for a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

A

coughing for 3 months within 2 consecutive years with expectorations

19
Q

What part(s) of the respiratory system comprises the “anatomical dead space”? What is its significance?

A

mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

no gas exchange occurs within these areas

20
Q

Define dyspnea

A

difficulty in breathing, often described as shortness of breath or breathlessness

21
Q

Define hemopthysis

A

coughing up blood

22
Q

Dyspnea is observed in at least three major cardiopulmonary disease states. List them.

A
  • Primary lung diseases, e.g. pneumonia, asthma, emphysema
  • heart disease characterized by pulmonary congestion, e.g. right congestive heart failure
  • neuromuscular disorders, e.g myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy
23
Q

Obstructive lung diseases are diseases of the lung where ___________.
Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____________.

A
  • the bronchial tubes become narrowed making it hard to move air in and out of the lung
  • loss of lung compliance, causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness (decreased surfactant)
24
Q

Describe a tension pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity cannot escape so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life threatening situation

25
Q

Pulmonary embolism is _________. The most common source of pulmonary embolism is _________

A
  • a blood clot that lodges in the lungs

- DVT, deep vein thrombosis

26
Q

Sleep apnea is ________. Describe the types of sleep apnea and their etiologies.

A

-a disorder of breathing mechanics where regular breathing is disrupted during sleep

  • obstructive sleep apnea - physical obstruction of airways
  • central sleep apnea - dysfunction of brain stem breathing and rhythmicity centers
27
Q

Asthma is _________

A

an inflammation of the lungs in which the airways are reversibly narrowed

28
Q

Asthma is chronic but reversible (T/F)

A

True

29
Q

Asthma can be classified as either allergic aka _________ which is a type ____ hypersensitivity, or __________ which is caused by ____________

A
  • atopic, extrinsic
  • I
  • intrinsic
  • an imbalance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
30
Q

COPD stands for __________ and refers to _______ and ________

A

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

  • chronic bronchitis
  • emphysema
31
Q

COPD is caused by __________ which trigger __________

A
  • noxious particles or gas, most commonly from smoking

- an abnormal inflammatory response in the lung

32
Q

Central cyanosis is _______

Peripheral cyanosis is _________

A
  • blue mouth and lips

- blue extremities

33
Q

In chronic bronchitis the airways of the lung are narrowed via ___________

A
  • metaplasia and fibrosis of airway walls

- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells and mucus glands causing more mucus

34
Q

In emphysema the surface area available for gas exchange is reduced by ____________

A

inflammation of alveoli leading to destruction of alveoli walls

35
Q

Cor pulmonale is _________

A

abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels.

36
Q

Tuberculosis is __________

A

an infectious disease that creates granulomas in the lungs but can also affect the CNS, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, GI system, bones, joints and the skin

37
Q

Pneumonia is _______

A

inflammation of lung alveoli and abnormal filling of fluid in alveoli

38
Q

The most common cause of pneumonia is ________ but can also be caused by _________

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae

- other bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, chemical or physical injury to lungs

39
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?
What is multilobar pnemonia?
What is bronchial pneumonia?
What is interstitial pneumonia?

A
  • pneumonia that only involves a single lobe of the lung
  • pneumonia of more than one lobe
  • pneumonia affecting lungs in patches around bronchi or bronchioles
  • pneumonia in areas between alveoli, “walking pneumonia”
40
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

An autosomal recessive disease in which functional chloride ion channels are missing from lung airways, GI tract, reproductive tract and skin, leading to thick mucus accumulations especially in lungs, and GI tract.

41
Q

Carbon monoxide is dangerous because _________

A

it binds to hemoglobin 300 times more strongly than oxygen, which can lead to hypoxia

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include ________

A

headache, fatigue, drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, breathing problems, chest pain, dark cherry red lips, face, buccal mucosa

43
Q

CO and hemoglobin combine to form _______

CO2 and hemoglobin combine to form _________

A

carboxyhemoglobin

carbaminohemoglobin

44
Q

What is COPD?

A

it is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema where the airways become narrowed

Pathophysiology I (11 decks)

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