Musculo-skeletal Disorders

Question 1

Define rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 1

a chronic relapsing disease characterized by general ill health, chronic synovial inflammation of joints and tendons in symmetric distribution and systemic signs and symptoms

Question 2

Rheumatoid arthritis is classified as a type ___ hypersensitivity. It affects individuals with cell markers _____ on their membranes where connective tissues are being injured by Ig__

Answer 2

III
DR-1, DR-4
G, M

Question 3

What joints are not affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 3

Hips and DIPs

Question 4

Which disease is often seen with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 4

Sjogrens : fatigue, dry eyes, dry mouth

Question 5

The usual etiology of septic arthritis is _______ but _______ occur occasionally

Answer 5

bacterial

viral, mycobacterial (TB), and fungal arthritis

Question 6

Bacteria that are commonly found to cause septic arthritis are _______________

Answer 6

staphylococcus aureus

streptococci

haemophilus influenzae

neisseria gonorrhea

escherichia coli

mycobacterium tuberculosis

salmonella

Question 7

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a(n) _________ condition that develops in response to __________

Answer 7

autoimmune

an infection in another part of the body

Question 8

The symptoms of ReA very often include a combination of three seemingly unlinked symptoms :_______________

Answer 8

inflammatory arthritis of large joints, inflammation of the eyes, urethritis

Question 9

Rheumatoid arthritis affects what body tissue(s)?

Answer 9

bone, cartilage, tendons, joints

Question 10

Presence of rheumatoid factor in blood serum (RF+) is an indicator for ________

Answer 10

rheumatoid arthritis

systemic sclerosis

Question 11

What is rheumatoid factor (RF)?

Answer 11

the auto-antibody first found in rheumatoid arthritis. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process

Question 12

Movement is recommended in rheumatoid arthritis (T/F)

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Which phobia is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 13

kinesiophobia - fear of moving

Question 14

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of ____________ manifested by pain and progressive _________ of the spine

Answer 14

the joints of the vertebral column and sacroiliac joints

stiffening

Question 15

Ankylosing spondyloarthritis is also know as?

Answer 15

Bechterew syndrome, Marie-Strumpell spondylitis, “Bamboo Spine”

Question 16

Ankylosing spondyloarthritis is dominant in ________ (males/females).

It is purely genetic (T/F)

Answer 16

males

True

Question 17

In females ankylosing spondylitis starts in the _____ and in males it starts in the ______.

Answer 17

neck and peripheral

sacral spine

Question 18

List the conditions that can develop from ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 18

uveitis
peripheral arthritis (wind-moving)
circumstantial depression

Question 19

Osteoarthritis (OA) is ____________

Answer 19

a group of diseases and mechanical abnormalities entailing degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and the subchondral bone next to it

Question 20

Clinical symptoms of OA may include ______________

Answer 20

joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, inflammation, locking of joints

Question 21

What is eburnation?

Answer 21

proliferation of ivory-like, dense, reactive bone in areas of cartilage loss

Question 22

Gout is a disease hallmarked by _________. It was historically known as ______

Answer 22

elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream

The Disease of Kings, Rich man’s disease

Question 23

In gout, crystals of __________ are deposited ___________. It is marked by __________

Answer 23

monosodium urate / uric acid

on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues

transient painful attacks of acute arthritis

Question 24

Gout usually attacks ____ but it can also affect ________

Answer 24

the big toe

other joints such as the ankle, heel, knee, wrist, elbow, fingers, spine

Question 25

What are the two causes of osteopenia?

Answer 25

osteoperosis and osteomalacia`

Question 26

What is osteomalacia? what happens to the bone?

Answer 26

demineralization of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency. Bones become softer and they break

Question 27

What is osteoporosis? The underlying mechanism of osteoporosis is ___________

Answer 27

Diminution of bone density an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation

Question 28

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Answer 28

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry - measures bone mineral density

Question 29

Osteogenesis imperfecta (aka _________ _) is __________

Answer 29

Brittle Bone Disease a genetic bone disorder where connective tissue is defective

Question 30

Symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta include _________

Answer 30

fragile bones, complex structural scoliosis, loose joints, poor muscle tone, discoloration of sclera, early hearing loss in some children

Question 31

Osgood Schlatter disease is ___________

Answer 31

an inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity

Question 32

Osteomyelitis is _____________ and is usually caused by __________

Answer 32

an infection of bone and/or bone marrow with a propensity for progression, pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteriua (TB)

Question 33

Clinical presentation of osteomalacia include __________

Answer 33

aches and pains in lumbar region and thighs, spreading later to the arms and ribs, weak proximal muscles, difficulty climbing up stairs and getting up from squatting position

Question 34

The pain in osteomalacia is described as _________

Answer 34

non-radiating, symmetrical and accompanied by tenderness in the involved bones

Question 35

Major biochemical findings in osteomalacia include ___________

Answer 35

low serum calcium low urinary calcium low serum phosphate high serum alkaline phosphatase

Question 36

Rickets is __________. It is predominantly caused by _________

Answer 36

a softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets

Question 37

Myasthenia gravis is a disorder in which normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the _________

Answer 37

neuromuscular junction

Question 38

In myasthenia gravis, the receptors for ________ at the muscle surface are destroyed or modulated by ________ that prevent the normal reaction from occurring.

Answer 38

acetylcholine (ACh) antibodies

Question 39

What is the test used for myasthenia gravis? what is the + sign?

Answer 39

confrontation test eyes are tired, droopy (due to weak muscles)

Question 40

Myasthenia gravis symptoms are often better at night (T/F )

Answer 40

False - it is worse at night, sleep makes it better (replenishes)

Question 41

What are symptoms of myasthenia gravis? Provide examples

Answer 41

muscle weakening - swallowing difficulty, gagging, choking, paralysis, drooping head, difficulty climbing stairs, difficulty lifting objects, difficulty talking, difficulty chewing Vision problems (starts w/eyes)- double vision, difficulty maintaining steady gaze, eyelid drooping (ptosis)

Question 42

In children, most bone tumors are ________ | In adults, most bone tumors are _______

Answer 42

primary and benign metastatic tumors

Question 43

The most common metatstatic bone cancers are _______ particularly those arising in the ___________

Answer 43

carcinomas breast, lung, prostate, kidney, thyroid, colon, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma

Question 44

_____ is the most common primary malignant bone tumor but it often considered a marrow cell tumor within the bone rather than a bone tumor

Answer 44

Multiple myeloma

Question 45

______ is the 2nd most common primary bone tumor and is highly _________

Answer 45

Osteosarcoma malignant

Question 46

Ewing's sarcoma is a _____ cell bone tumor with peak incidence between _________. Most develop in _______ but any bone may be involved

Answer 46

round 10 yrs and 25 yrs the extremities

Question 47

Fibromyalgia is characterized by _________and also allodynia, a ___________

Answer 47

chronic widespread pain heightened and painful response to pressure

Question 48

Marfan Syndrome is __________ that is transmitted as an autosomal ________ trait.

Answer 48

an inherited connective-tissue disorder dominant

Question 49

Cardinal features of Marfan syndrome include __________

Answer 49

tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilatation, aortic dissection