Musculo-skeletal Disorders Flashcards
Define rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic relapsing disease characterized by general ill health, chronic synovial inflammation of joints and tendons in symmetric distribution and systemic signs and symptoms
Rheumatoid arthritis is classified as a type ___ hypersensitivity. It affects individuals with cell markers _____ on their membranes where connective tissues are being injured by Ig__
III
DR-1, DR-4
G, M
What joints are not affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
Hips and DIPs
Which disease is often seen with rheumatoid arthritis?
Sjogrens : fatigue, dry eyes, dry mouth
The usual etiology of septic arthritis is _______ but _______ occur occasionally
bacterial
viral, mycobacterial (TB), and fungal arthritis
Bacteria that are commonly found to cause septic arthritis are _______________
staphylococcus aureus
streptococci
haemophilus influenzae
neisseria gonorrhea
escherichia coli
mycobacterium tuberculosis
salmonella
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a(n) _________ condition that develops in response to __________
autoimmune
an infection in another part of the body
The symptoms of ReA very often include a combination of three seemingly unlinked symptoms :_______________
inflammatory arthritis of large joints, inflammation of the eyes, urethritis
Rheumatoid arthritis affects what body tissue(s)?
bone, cartilage, tendons, joints
Presence of rheumatoid factor in blood serum (RF+) is an indicator for ________
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic sclerosis
What is rheumatoid factor (RF)?
the auto-antibody first found in rheumatoid arthritis. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process
Movement is recommended in rheumatoid arthritis (T/F)
True
Which phobia is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
kinesiophobia - fear of moving
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of ____________ manifested by pain and progressive _________ of the spine
the joints of the vertebral column and sacroiliac joints
stiffening
Ankylosing spondyloarthritis is also know as?
Bechterew syndrome, Marie-Strumpell spondylitis, “Bamboo Spine”
Ankylosing spondyloarthritis is dominant in ________ (males/females).
It is purely genetic (T/F)
males
True
In females ankylosing spondylitis starts in the _____ and in males it starts in the ______.
neck and peripheral
sacral spine
List the conditions that can develop from ankylosing spondylitis
uveitis
peripheral arthritis (wind-moving)
circumstantial depression
Osteoarthritis (OA) is ____________
a group of diseases and mechanical abnormalities entailing degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and the subchondral bone next to it
Clinical symptoms of OA may include ______________
joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, inflammation, locking of joints
What is eburnation?
proliferation of ivory-like, dense, reactive bone in areas of cartilage loss
Gout is a disease hallmarked by _________. It was historically known as ______
elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream
The Disease of Kings, Rich man’s disease
In gout, crystals of __________ are deposited ___________. It is marked by __________
monosodium urate / uric acid
on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues
transient painful attacks of acute arthritis
Gout usually attacks ____ but it can also affect ________
the big toe
other joints such as the ankle, heel, knee, wrist, elbow, fingers, spine
What are the two causes of osteopenia?
osteoperosis and osteomalacia`
What is osteomalacia? what happens to the bone?
demineralization of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency.
Bones become softer and they break
What is osteoporosis? The underlying mechanism of osteoporosis is ___________
Diminution of bone density
an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry - measures bone mineral density
Osteogenesis imperfecta (aka _________ _) is __________
Brittle Bone Disease
a genetic bone disorder where connective tissue is defective
Symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta include _________
fragile bones, complex structural scoliosis, loose joints, poor muscle tone, discoloration of sclera, early hearing loss in some children
Osgood Schlatter disease is ___________
an inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity
Osteomyelitis is _____________ and is usually caused by __________
an infection of bone and/or bone marrow with a propensity for progression,
pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteriua (TB)
Clinical presentation of osteomalacia include __________
aches and pains in lumbar region and thighs, spreading later to the arms and ribs, weak proximal muscles, difficulty climbing up stairs and getting up from squatting position
The pain in osteomalacia is described as _________
non-radiating, symmetrical and accompanied by tenderness in the involved bones
Major biochemical findings in osteomalacia include ___________
low serum calcium
low urinary calcium
low serum phosphate
high serum alkaline phosphatase
Rickets is __________. It is predominantly caused by _________
a softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity
vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets
Myasthenia gravis is a disorder in which normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the _________
neuromuscular junction
In myasthenia gravis, the receptors for ________ at the muscle surface are destroyed or modulated by ________ that prevent the normal reaction from occurring.
acetylcholine (ACh)
antibodies
What is the test used for myasthenia gravis? what is the + sign?
confrontation test
eyes are tired, droopy (due to weak muscles)
Myasthenia gravis symptoms are often better at night (T/F )
False - it is worse at night, sleep makes it better (replenishes)
What are symptoms of myasthenia gravis? Provide examples
muscle weakening - swallowing difficulty, gagging, choking, paralysis, drooping head, difficulty climbing stairs, difficulty lifting objects, difficulty talking, difficulty chewing
Vision problems (starts w/eyes)- double vision, difficulty maintaining steady gaze, eyelid drooping (ptosis)
In children, most bone tumors are ________
In adults, most bone tumors are _______
primary and benign
metastatic tumors
The most common metatstatic bone cancers are _______ particularly those arising in the ___________
carcinomas
breast, lung, prostate, kidney, thyroid, colon, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma
_____ is the most common primary malignant bone tumor but it often considered a marrow cell tumor within the bone rather than a bone tumor
Multiple myeloma
______ is the 2nd most common primary bone tumor and is highly _________
Osteosarcoma
malignant
Ewing’s sarcoma is a _____ cell bone tumor with peak incidence between _________. Most develop in _______ but any bone may be involved
round
10 yrs and 25 yrs
the extremities
Fibromyalgia is characterized by _________and also allodynia, a ___________
chronic widespread pain
heightened and painful response to pressure
Marfan Syndrome is __________ that is transmitted as an autosomal ________ trait.
an inherited connective-tissue disorder
dominant
Cardinal features of Marfan syndrome include __________
tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilatation, aortic dissection
