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Pathophysiology I > Musculo-skeletal Disorders > Flashcards

Musculo-skeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define rheumatoid arthritis

A

a chronic relapsing disease characterized by general ill health, chronic synovial inflammation of joints and tendons in symmetric distribution and systemic signs and symptoms

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2
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is classified as a type ___ hypersensitivity. It affects individuals with cell markers _____ on their membranes where connective tissues are being injured by Ig__

A

III
DR-1, DR-4
G, M

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3
Q

What joints are not affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Hips and DIPs

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4
Q

Which disease is often seen with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Sjogrens : fatigue, dry eyes, dry mouth

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5
Q

The usual etiology of septic arthritis is _______ but _______ occur occasionally

A

bacterial

viral, mycobacterial (TB), and fungal arthritis

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6
Q

Bacteria that are commonly found to cause septic arthritis are _______________

A

staphylococcus aureus

streptococci

haemophilus influenzae

neisseria gonorrhea

escherichia coli

mycobacterium tuberculosis

salmonella

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7
Q

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a(n) _________ condition that develops in response to __________

A

autoimmune

an infection in another part of the body

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8
Q

The symptoms of ReA very often include a combination of three seemingly unlinked symptoms :_______________

A

inflammatory arthritis of large joints, inflammation of the eyes, urethritis

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9
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis affects what body tissue(s)?

A

bone, cartilage, tendons, joints

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10
Q

Presence of rheumatoid factor in blood serum (RF+) is an indicator for ________

A

rheumatoid arthritis

systemic sclerosis

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11
Q

What is rheumatoid factor (RF)?

A

the auto-antibody first found in rheumatoid arthritis. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process

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12
Q

Movement is recommended in rheumatoid arthritis (T/F)

A

True

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13
Q

Which phobia is associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

kinesiophobia - fear of moving

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14
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of ____________ manifested by pain and progressive _________ of the spine

A

the joints of the vertebral column and sacroiliac joints

stiffening

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15
Q

Ankylosing spondyloarthritis is also know as?

A

Bechterew syndrome, Marie-Strumpell spondylitis, “Bamboo Spine”

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16
Q

Ankylosing spondyloarthritis is dominant in ________ (males/females).

It is purely genetic (T/F)

A

males

True

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17
Q

In females ankylosing spondylitis starts in the _____ and in males it starts in the ______.

A

neck and peripheral

sacral spine

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18
Q

List the conditions that can develop from ankylosing spondylitis

A

uveitis
peripheral arthritis (wind-moving)
circumstantial depression

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19
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA) is ____________

A

a group of diseases and mechanical abnormalities entailing degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and the subchondral bone next to it

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20
Q

Clinical symptoms of OA may include ______________

A

joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, inflammation, locking of joints

21
Q

What is eburnation?

A

proliferation of ivory-like, dense, reactive bone in areas of cartilage loss

22
Q

Gout is a disease hallmarked by _________. It was historically known as ______

A

elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream

The Disease of Kings, Rich man’s disease

23
Q

In gout, crystals of __________ are deposited ___________. It is marked by __________

A

monosodium urate / uric acid

on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues

transient painful attacks of acute arthritis

24
Q

Gout usually attacks ____ but it can also affect ________

A

the big toe

other joints such as the ankle, heel, knee, wrist, elbow, fingers, spine

25
Q

What are the two causes of osteopenia?

A

osteoperosis and osteomalacia`

26
Q

What is osteomalacia? what happens to the bone?

A

demineralization of the bone due to vitamin D deficiency.

Bones become softer and they break

27
Q

What is osteoporosis? The underlying mechanism of osteoporosis is ___________

A

Diminution of bone density

an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation

28
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry - measures bone mineral density

29
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta (aka _________ _) is __________

A

Brittle Bone Disease

a genetic bone disorder where connective tissue is defective

30
Q

Symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta include _________

A

fragile bones, complex structural scoliosis, loose joints, poor muscle tone, discoloration of sclera, early hearing loss in some children

31
Q

Osgood Schlatter disease is ___________

A

an inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity

32
Q

Osteomyelitis is _____________ and is usually caused by __________

A

an infection of bone and/or bone marrow with a propensity for progression,

pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteriua (TB)

33
Q

Clinical presentation of osteomalacia include __________

A

aches and pains in lumbar region and thighs, spreading later to the arms and ribs, weak proximal muscles, difficulty climbing up stairs and getting up from squatting position

34
Q

The pain in osteomalacia is described as _________

A

non-radiating, symmetrical and accompanied by tenderness in the involved bones

35
Q

Major biochemical findings in osteomalacia include ___________

A

low serum calcium

low urinary calcium

low serum phosphate

high serum alkaline phosphatase

36
Q

Rickets is __________. It is predominantly caused by _________

A

a softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity

vitamin D deficiency but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets

37
Q

Myasthenia gravis is a disorder in which normal communication between the nerve and muscle is interrupted at the _________

A

neuromuscular junction

38
Q

In myasthenia gravis, the receptors for ________ at the muscle surface are destroyed or modulated by ________ that prevent the normal reaction from occurring.

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

antibodies

39
Q

What is the test used for myasthenia gravis? what is the + sign?

A

confrontation test

eyes are tired, droopy (due to weak muscles)

40
Q

Myasthenia gravis symptoms are often better at night (T/F )

A

False - it is worse at night, sleep makes it better (replenishes)

41
Q

What are symptoms of myasthenia gravis? Provide examples

A

muscle weakening - swallowing difficulty, gagging, choking, paralysis, drooping head, difficulty climbing stairs, difficulty lifting objects, difficulty talking, difficulty chewing

Vision problems (starts w/eyes)- double vision, difficulty maintaining steady gaze, eyelid drooping (ptosis)

42
Q

In children, most bone tumors are ________

In adults, most bone tumors are _______

A

primary and benign

metastatic tumors

43
Q

The most common metatstatic bone cancers are _______ particularly those arising in the ___________

A

carcinomas

breast, lung, prostate, kidney, thyroid, colon, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma

44
Q

_____ is the most common primary malignant bone tumor but it often considered a marrow cell tumor within the bone rather than a bone tumor

A

Multiple myeloma

45
Q

______ is the 2nd most common primary bone tumor and is highly _________

A

Osteosarcoma

malignant

46
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma is a _____ cell bone tumor with peak incidence between _________. Most develop in _______ but any bone may be involved

A

round

10 yrs and 25 yrs

the extremities

47
Q

Fibromyalgia is characterized by _________and also allodynia, a ___________

A

chronic widespread pain

heightened and painful response to pressure

48
Q

Marfan Syndrome is __________ that is transmitted as an autosomal ________ trait.

A

an inherited connective-tissue disorder

dominant

49
Q

Cardinal features of Marfan syndrome include __________

A

tall stature, ectopia lentis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic root dilatation, aortic dissection

Pathophysiology I (11 decks)

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