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Pathophysiology I > Class 1-2 - Intro to Pathophysiology, Cellular Death, Injury > Flashcards

Class 1-2 - Intro to Pathophysiology, Cellular Death, Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

The science of structural and functional changes as a result of injury on the level of the human organism

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2
Q

Define disease

A

an impairment of functioning on the cellular, tissue, organ and organ-system levels

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3
Q

Define illness

A

a state of human organism’s alteration, resulting in physical, emotional and spiritual distress

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4
Q

Describe the levels of disease prevention

A

1) Primary: prevent disease, e.g. lifestyle change, immunization
2) Secondary: early detection, e.g. colonoscopy, mammography, Pap smear
3) Tertiary: prevention of disease complications and/or progression, e.g. treatment/management of patient’s altered state

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5
Q

The term for accepted theory or hypothesis of the cause of a disease is ________
The term for accepted mechanism of a disease’ development is _______

A

etiology

pathogenesis

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6
Q

Define Risk Factors in the context of pathophysiology

A

vulnerabilities which increase the chances of the disease development

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7
Q

Define Precipitating Factors in the context of pathophysiology

A

triggers, leading to the onset of a disease

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8
Q

A disease is idiopathic if it is of ____ cause.
An iatrogenic disease is caused by _________.
A ________ disease originates within a medical facility/hospital

A

unknown

medical intervention

nosocomial

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9
Q

Compare and contrast signs vs. symptoms

A

Signs are objective manifestations of disease

Symptoms are subjective manifestations of disease

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10
Q

A syndrome is ________

A diagnosis is ________

A

a characteristic set of signs and symptoms

a statement concerning with the most likely nature of a disease/syndrome

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11
Q

Differential diagnosis is _________

A

a list of altered health states, which are characterized by similar signs and symptoms

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12
Q

The most probable outcome of a disease is termed ______

Medical/health care actions which may aggravate a patient’s condition are known as _________

A

prognosis

contraindications

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13
Q

Progression of a disease in severity and extent of dysfunction is known as _______

A

complications

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14
Q

Side / Adverse Effects are defined as _________.

_______ effects may be harmful or beneficial but ________ effects are always harmful and may lead to complications, including death

A

predictable but unintended results of disease management.

Side

Adverse

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15
Q

Compare and contrast acute vs. chronic conditions

A

Acute- sudden rapid onset with typically more severe signs and symptoms

Chronic - longer duration, slow progression, little signs of change

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16
Q

A disease is communicable if it __________

A

spreads from person to person

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17
Q

Define epidemic

A

above usual rate of a disease occurrence in a certain population

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18
Q

Define endemic

A

persistently occurring/characteristic disease in a certain area

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19
Q

Define pandemic

A

an epidemic rate of a disease affecting all continents

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20
Q

Occasional occurrences of a disease with unrelated cases at random are termed ______

A

Sporadic

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21
Q

A congenital disease is ________

An acquired disease is _______

A

an altered state, present at birth

developed after birth

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22
Q

Genetic disease is ___________

Familial disease is ___________

A

inherited as a manifestation of altered genes

a disease that runs in a family but not known to be directly inherited due to a particularly altered gene/set of genes

23
Q

List various types of injurious factors (stressors).

A

Hypoxia, ischemia, Free radicals, Fat, Bilirubin, chemicals, nutritional imbalances, microorganisms, physical agents (cold, heat, electricity, UV radiation, etc)

24
Q

Atrophy is __________ due to inadequate nourishment, stimulation, or use

A

a diminuition of cell size

25
Q

Atrophy is irreversible (T/F)

A

T

26
Q

Hypertrophy is __________ due to increased work load, or congenital condition.

A

an increase in cell size

27
Q

Physiological hypertrophy is reversible (T/F)

A

T

28
Q

Hyperplasia is __________ due to hormonal stimulation or as a compensation reaction.

A

an increase in cell number

29
Q

Hyperplasia is reversible (T/F)

A

T

30
Q

Metaplasia is _______

A

conversion of one mature normal type tissue to another mature normal type tissue

31
Q

Metaplasia is irreversible (T/F)

A

F

32
Q

Dysplasia is ________

A

abnormal proliferation of cells with various degrees of cellular atypical features.

33
Q

_______ is a direct prerequisite to cancer.

A

Dysplasia

34
Q

Dysplasia is reversible (T/F)

A

T

35
Q

Apoptosis is _________

A

programmed cell death

36
Q

_______ is cellular and tissue death within a living organism

A

Necrosis

37
Q

In metaplasia, cells can convert from one primary tissue type to another, e.g. epithelial tissue to connective tissue (T/F)

A

F

cell type not tissue

38
Q

Cellular death within a dead body is called _______

A

autolysis

39
Q

List various types of necrosis

A 
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Fat necrosis
Causeous necrosis
gangrene
40
Q

Coagulative necrosis is typically caused by ______

A

ischemia or infarction

41
Q

Ischemia in the central nervous system typically leads to _______ necrosis

A

liquefactive

42
Q

How does liquefactive necrosis progress in the brain?

A

enzymes escape from within injured brain cells leading to liquefaction

43
Q

Describe the role of digestive enzymes in fat necrosis

A

digestive enzymes acting on fat from injured cells, separating fatty acids from glycerol. Fatty acids then form complexes with Ca2+ leading to formation of soaps

44
Q

Caseous necrosis is a combination of _________ causing the damaged tissue to have a _______ appearance

A

coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis

cheese-like

45
Q

Compare and contrast dry gangrene vs. wet gangrene

A

dry gangrene is mainly coagulative necrosis

wet gangrene is a combination of coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis due to infection

46
Q

Liver steatosis is also known as ________.

A

fatty liver

47
Q

Describe Liver steatosis and possible etiologies.

A

Triglyceride metabolism in the LV is interrupted leading to fat accumulations
Possible etiologies include alcoholism, obesity, nutritional imbalance

48
Q

Dystrophic calcification is the deposition of calcium within ________ tissue. Describe pathogenesis of dystrophic calcification.

A

dead/injured

injured cells expose negative ends of proteins. Ca2+ is attracted to negative ends, leading to calcification

49
Q

Metastatic calcification is the deposition of calcium in _______ tissue due to ___________

A

normal

hypercalcemia

50
Q

List #1 and #2 etiologies of hypercalcemia and their pathogeneses

A

1) hyperparathyroidism - excess PTH extracts Ca2+ from bone

2) cancer - high turnover of bone and blood cells leads to release of Ca2+ from SER

51
Q

KD stones are a type of _______ calcification

A

metastatic

52
Q

Which type of free radical is the most common? Why?

A

Unstable oxygen molecules are the most common because live cells use oxygen for ATP production

53
Q

How does pathology differ from pathophysiology?

A

Pathology is the study of injury on the organ level, whereas pathophysiology is the study of injury on the organism level

Pathophysiology I (11 decks)

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