Class 1-2 - Intro to Pathophysiology, Cellular Death, Injury Flashcards
Define pathophysiology
The science of structural and functional changes as a result of injury on the level of the human organism
Define disease
an impairment of functioning on the cellular, tissue, organ and organ-system levels
Define illness
a state of human organism’s alteration, resulting in physical, emotional and spiritual distress
Describe the levels of disease prevention
1) Primary: prevent disease, e.g. lifestyle change, immunization
2) Secondary: early detection, e.g. colonoscopy, mammography, Pap smear
3) Tertiary: prevention of disease complications and/or progression, e.g. treatment/management of patient’s altered state
The term for accepted theory or hypothesis of the cause of a disease is ________
The term for accepted mechanism of a disease’ development is _______
etiology
pathogenesis
Define Risk Factors in the context of pathophysiology
vulnerabilities which increase the chances of the disease development
Define Precipitating Factors in the context of pathophysiology
triggers, leading to the onset of a disease
A disease is idiopathic if it is of ____ cause.
An iatrogenic disease is caused by _________.
A ________ disease originates within a medical facility/hospital
unknown
medical intervention
nosocomial
Compare and contrast signs vs. symptoms
Signs are objective manifestations of disease
Symptoms are subjective manifestations of disease
A syndrome is ________
A diagnosis is ________
a characteristic set of signs and symptoms
a statement concerning with the most likely nature of a disease/syndrome
Differential diagnosis is _________
a list of altered health states, which are characterized by similar signs and symptoms
The most probable outcome of a disease is termed ______
Medical/health care actions which may aggravate a patient’s condition are known as _________
prognosis
contraindications
Progression of a disease in severity and extent of dysfunction is known as _______
complications
Side / Adverse Effects are defined as _________.
_______ effects may be harmful or beneficial but ________ effects are always harmful and may lead to complications, including death
predictable but unintended results of disease management.
Side
Adverse
Compare and contrast acute vs. chronic conditions
Acute- sudden rapid onset with typically more severe signs and symptoms
Chronic - longer duration, slow progression, little signs of change
A disease is communicable if it __________
spreads from person to person
Define epidemic
above usual rate of a disease occurrence in a certain population
Define endemic
persistently occurring/characteristic disease in a certain area
Define pandemic
an epidemic rate of a disease affecting all continents
Occasional occurrences of a disease with unrelated cases at random are termed ______
Sporadic
A congenital disease is ________
An acquired disease is _______
an altered state, present at birth
developed after birth
Genetic disease is ___________
Familial disease is ___________
inherited as a manifestation of altered genes
a disease that runs in a family but not known to be directly inherited due to a particularly altered gene/set of genes
List various types of injurious factors (stressors).
Hypoxia, ischemia, Free radicals, Fat, Bilirubin, chemicals, nutritional imbalances, microorganisms, physical agents (cold, heat, electricity, UV radiation, etc)
Atrophy is __________ due to inadequate nourishment, stimulation, or use
a diminuition of cell size
Atrophy is irreversible (T/F)
T
Hypertrophy is __________ due to increased work load, or congenital condition.
an increase in cell size
Physiological hypertrophy is reversible (T/F)
T
Hyperplasia is __________ due to hormonal stimulation or as a compensation reaction.
an increase in cell number
Hyperplasia is reversible (T/F)
T
Metaplasia is _______
conversion of one mature normal type tissue to another mature normal type tissue
Metaplasia is irreversible (T/F)
F
Dysplasia is ________
abnormal proliferation of cells with various degrees of cellular atypical features.
_______ is a direct prerequisite to cancer.
Dysplasia
Dysplasia is reversible (T/F)
T
Apoptosis is _________
programmed cell death
_______ is cellular and tissue death within a living organism
Necrosis
In metaplasia, cells can convert from one primary tissue type to another, e.g. epithelial tissue to connective tissue (T/F)
F
cell type not tissue
Cellular death within a dead body is called _______
autolysis
List various types of necrosis
Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Fat necrosis Causeous necrosis gangrene
Coagulative necrosis is typically caused by ______
ischemia or infarction
Ischemia in the central nervous system typically leads to _______ necrosis
liquefactive
How does liquefactive necrosis progress in the brain?
enzymes escape from within injured brain cells leading to liquefaction
Describe the role of digestive enzymes in fat necrosis
digestive enzymes acting on fat from injured cells, separating fatty acids from glycerol. Fatty acids then form complexes with Ca2+ leading to formation of soaps
Caseous necrosis is a combination of _________ causing the damaged tissue to have a _______ appearance
coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis
cheese-like
Compare and contrast dry gangrene vs. wet gangrene
dry gangrene is mainly coagulative necrosis
wet gangrene is a combination of coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis due to infection
Liver steatosis is also known as ________.
fatty liver
Describe Liver steatosis and possible etiologies.
Triglyceride metabolism in the LV is interrupted leading to fat accumulations
Possible etiologies include alcoholism, obesity, nutritional imbalance
Dystrophic calcification is the deposition of calcium within ________ tissue. Describe pathogenesis of dystrophic calcification.
dead/injured
injured cells expose negative ends of proteins. Ca2+ is attracted to negative ends, leading to calcification
Metastatic calcification is the deposition of calcium in _______ tissue due to ___________
normal
hypercalcemia
List #1 and #2 etiologies of hypercalcemia and their pathogeneses
1) hyperparathyroidism - excess PTH extracts Ca2+ from bone
2) cancer - high turnover of bone and blood cells leads to release of Ca2+ from SER
KD stones are a type of _______ calcification
metastatic
Which type of free radical is the most common? Why?
Unstable oxygen molecules are the most common because live cells use oxygen for ATP production
How does pathology differ from pathophysiology?
Pathology is the study of injury on the organ level, whereas pathophysiology is the study of injury on the organism level
