Respiratory System

Question 1

list the 5 functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

1. delivering oxygen
2. removing carbon dioxide
3. regulation of pH of body fluids
4. temperature control
5. phonation-voice
   (1 and 2 are gas exchange)

Question 2

list the 5 organs in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

1. nares
2. nasal cavity
3. paranasal sinuses
4. pharynx
5. larynx

Question 3

list the function and tissue type of the nares

Answer 3

external openings (nostrils), hyaline cartilage, flexibility depends on species

Question 4

list the location and tissue types for function of the nasal cavity

Answer 4

sits above mouth, soft and hard palate barrier, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, contains sensory epithelium for olfaction

Question 5

give the location of and describe the paranasal sinuses

Answer 5

air-filled cavities within bones of skull, sinus function unknown

Question 6

describe the pharynx, give its accessory organ and its tissue type

Answer 6

common passageway for food and air, contains the epiglottis, which is composed of elastic cartilage

Question 7

describe the larynx and what it contains

Answer 7

the gatekeeper to the trachea, location of the vocal chords –> “organs of phonation”

Question 8

list the 8 structures of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 8

1. trachea
2. bronchi
3. bronchioles
4. lungs
5. alveoli
6. pleura
7. hilus
8. mediastinum

Question 9

describe the trachea, including the two tissue types

Answer 9

contains C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 10

describe the bronchi, including the two tissue types

Answer 10

left and right branches of trachea, like a smaller trachea, also lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Question 11

describe the bronchi, including the two tissue types and location

Answer 11

branches from bronchi, also lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, found within the lungs

Question 12

describe the lungs, including what happens there

Answer 12

paired lobular structures where gas exchange occurs

Question 13

describe the alveoli, including the tissue type

Answer 13

site of gas exchange in the lungs, where bronchioles terminate, hollow balls lined with simple squamous epithelium

Question 14

describe the pleura

Answer 14

membranes that line/surround the lungs

Question 15

list and describe both types of pleura

Answer 15

1. visceral pleura: closely lines outside of lungs

2. parietal pleura: surrounds thoracic cavity

Question 16

describe the hilus

Answer 16

indentation on each lung where bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves enter and leave lungs

Question 17

describe the mediastinum

Answer 17

location where the double layers of pleura meet

Question 18

what is located in the mediastinum?

Answer 18

heart, esophagus, blood vessels

Question 19

what is ventilation?

Answer 19

the process by which air moves into and out of lungs

Question 20

list and describe the two aspects of ventilation

Answer 20

1. inspiration: movement of air through upper respiratory tract and into lungs, involves flattening (contraction) of diaphragm
2. expiration: movement of air from lungs through upper respiratory tract, involves relaxation of diaphragm

Question 21

what is the respiratory cycle?

Answer 21

one inspiration and one expiration

Question 22

what is respiratory frequency?

Answer 22

the number of respiratory cycles per minute

Question 23

list and describe the 2 types of breathing

Answer 23

1. abdominal: characterized by movements of the abdomen, “normal”
2. costal: characterized by movement of ribs, indicates pain in abdominal region

Question 24

list the 7 types of breathing variations

Answer 24

1. eupnea
2. dyspnea
3. hyperpnea
4. polypnea
5. apnea
6. tachypnea
7. bradypnea

Question 25

describe eupnea

Answer 25

normal breathing

Question 26

describe dyspnea

Answer 26

difficult breathing, requires effort, obvious discomfort

Question 27

describe hyperpnea

Answer 27

breathing with increased depth and frequency, visible after physical exertion, exercise

Question 28

describe polypnea

Answer 28

rapid, shallow breathing, increased frequency, decreased depth = not much air

Question 29

describe apnea

Answer 29

cessation of breath, think sleep apnea

Question 30

describe tachypnea

Answer 30

excessive rapidity of breath, normal depth, increased frequency

Question 31

describe bradypnea

Answer 31

abnormal slowness of breath, decreased frequency

Question 32

list the 4 lung volumes

Answer 32

1. tidal volume 2. inspiratory reserve volume 3. expiratory reserve volume 4. residual volume

Question 33

describe tidal volume

Answer 33

amount of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle

Question 34

describe inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 34

amount of air that can still be inspired after inhaling tidal volume

Question 35

describe expiratory reserve volume

Answer 35

amount of air that can still be expired after exhaling tidal volume

Question 36

describe residual volume

Answer 36

amount of air that remains in lungs after most forceful exhalation, will always be left in lungs

Question 37

what is a lung capacity?

Answer 37

sum of 2 or more lung volumes

Question 38

list the 4 lung capacities

Answer 38

1. total lung capacity 2. vital capacity 3. inspiratory capacity 5. functional residual capacity

Question 39

describe total lung capacity and tell what is it the sum of

Answer 39

total amount of air lungs can hold, sum of all volumes

Question 40

describe vital capacity and tell what it is the sum of

Answer 40

amount of air in lungs that can change during a breath, sum of all volumes above the residual volume

Question 41

describe inspiratory capacity, and tell what it is the sum of

Answer 41

amount of air that can be inhaled, sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

Question 42

describe functional residual capacity and tell what it is the sum of

Answer 42

total amount of air below tidal volume, sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

Question 43

describe breath sounds

Answer 43

normal, any sound that accompanies air as it passes through the trachiobronchal tree

Question 44

describe adventitious sounds

Answer 44

abnormal sounds on top of the breath sounds

Question 45

list and describe the 2 adventitious sounds

Answer 45

1. crackles: indicates fluid in airways | 2. wheezes: indicates narrowing of airways

Question 46

what is the primary respiratory function?

Answer 46

gas exchange

Question 47

where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 47

at the alveoli

Question 48

describe the structure of the alveoli as it relates to gas exchange and capillaries

Answer 48

lined with THIN simple squamous epithelium, at the thinnest portion of the alveolus, the simple squamous epithelium is attached to a basement membrane that is then attached to the simple squamous epithelium of underlying capillaries

Question 49

describe the process of gas exchange between the capillaries and alveoli

Answer 49

1. capillaries contain blood coming from right side of heat with a high concentration of CO2 2. alveolus contains air that was inspired that has a high concentration of O2 3. CO2 will move into alveolus, and O2 will move into capillary to establish equilibrium between the concentrations of gases 4. capillary carries oxygenated blood to left side of heart and air in alveolus containing CO2 will be expired

Question 50

how is respiration regulated?

Answer 50

there are sensors in the aorta that sense O2 levels in blood, and if O2 levels are low, signals will be sent to respiratory centers in the brain to increase respiration frequency in an attempt to get more O2 into blood

Question 51

is breathing voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 51

voluntary, but reflexive