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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

list the 5 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. delivering oxygen
  2. removing carbon dioxide
  3. regulation of pH of body fluids
  4. temperature control
  5. phonation-voice
    (1 and 2 are gas exchange)
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2
Q

list the 5 organs in the upper respiratory tract

A
  1. nares
  2. nasal cavity
  3. paranasal sinuses
  4. pharynx
  5. larynx
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3
Q

list the function and tissue type of the nares

A

external openings (nostrils), hyaline cartilage, flexibility depends on species

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4
Q

list the location and tissue types for function of the nasal cavity

A

sits above mouth, soft and hard palate barrier, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, contains sensory epithelium for olfaction

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5
Q

give the location of and describe the paranasal sinuses

A

air-filled cavities within bones of skull, sinus function unknown

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6
Q

describe the pharynx, give its accessory organ and its tissue type

A

common passageway for food and air, contains the epiglottis, which is composed of elastic cartilage

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7
Q

describe the larynx and what it contains

A

the gatekeeper to the trachea, location of the vocal chords –> “organs of phonation”

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8
Q

list the 8 structures of the lower respiratory tract

A
  1. trachea
  2. bronchi
  3. bronchioles
  4. lungs
  5. alveoli
  6. pleura
  7. hilus
  8. mediastinum
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9
Q

describe the trachea, including the two tissue types

A

contains C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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10
Q

describe the bronchi, including the two tissue types

A

left and right branches of trachea, like a smaller trachea, also lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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11
Q

describe the bronchi, including the two tissue types and location

A

branches from bronchi, also lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, found within the lungs

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12
Q

describe the lungs, including what happens there

A

paired lobular structures where gas exchange occurs

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13
Q

describe the alveoli, including the tissue type

A

site of gas exchange in the lungs, where bronchioles terminate, hollow balls lined with simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

describe the pleura

A

membranes that line/surround the lungs

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15
Q

list and describe both types of pleura

A
  1. visceral pleura: closely lines outside of lungs

2. parietal pleura: surrounds thoracic cavity

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16
Q

describe the hilus

A

indentation on each lung where bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves enter and leave lungs

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17
Q

describe the mediastinum

A

location where the double layers of pleura meet

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18
Q

what is located in the mediastinum?

A

heart, esophagus, blood vessels

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19
Q

what is ventilation?

A

the process by which air moves into and out of lungs

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20
Q

list and describe the two aspects of ventilation

A
  1. inspiration: movement of air through upper respiratory tract and into lungs, involves flattening (contraction) of diaphragm
  2. expiration: movement of air from lungs through upper respiratory tract, involves relaxation of diaphragm
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21
Q

what is the respiratory cycle?

A

one inspiration and one expiration

22
Q

what is respiratory frequency?

A

the number of respiratory cycles per minute

23
Q

list and describe the 2 types of breathing

A
  1. abdominal: characterized by movements of the abdomen, “normal”
  2. costal: characterized by movement of ribs, indicates pain in abdominal region
24
Q

list the 7 types of breathing variations

A
  1. eupnea
  2. dyspnea
  3. hyperpnea
  4. polypnea
  5. apnea
  6. tachypnea
  7. bradypnea
25
Q

describe eupnea

A

normal breathing

26
Q

describe dyspnea

A

difficult breathing, requires effort, obvious discomfort

27
Q

describe hyperpnea

A

breathing with increased depth and frequency, visible after physical exertion, exercise

28
Q

describe polypnea

A

rapid, shallow breathing, increased frequency, decreased depth = not much air

29
Q

describe apnea

A

cessation of breath, think sleep apnea

30
Q

describe tachypnea

A

excessive rapidity of breath, normal depth, increased frequency

31
Q

describe bradypnea

A

abnormal slowness of breath, decreased frequency

32
Q

list the 4 lung volumes

A
  1. tidal volume
  2. inspiratory reserve volume
  3. expiratory reserve volume
  4. residual volume
33
Q

describe tidal volume

A

amount of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle

34
Q

describe inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can still be inspired after inhaling tidal volume

35
Q

describe expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can still be expired after exhaling tidal volume

36
Q

describe residual volume

A

amount of air that remains in lungs after most forceful exhalation, will always be left in lungs

37
Q

what is a lung capacity?

A

sum of 2 or more lung volumes

38
Q

list the 4 lung capacities

A
  1. total lung capacity
  2. vital capacity
  3. inspiratory capacity
  4. functional residual capacity
39
Q

describe total lung capacity and tell what is it the sum of

A

total amount of air lungs can hold, sum of all volumes

40
Q

describe vital capacity and tell what it is the sum of

A

amount of air in lungs that can change during a breath, sum of all volumes above the residual volume

41
Q

describe inspiratory capacity, and tell what it is the sum of

A

amount of air that can be inhaled, sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

42
Q

describe functional residual capacity and tell what it is the sum of

A

total amount of air below tidal volume, sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

43
Q

describe breath sounds

A

normal, any sound that accompanies air as it passes through the trachiobronchal tree

44
Q

describe adventitious sounds

A

abnormal sounds on top of the breath sounds

45
Q

list and describe the 2 adventitious sounds

A
  1. crackles: indicates fluid in airways

2. wheezes: indicates narrowing of airways

46
Q

what is the primary respiratory function?

A

gas exchange

47
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

at the alveoli

48
Q

describe the structure of the alveoli as it relates to gas exchange and capillaries

A

lined with THIN simple squamous epithelium, at the thinnest portion of the alveolus, the simple squamous epithelium is attached to a basement membrane that is then attached to the simple squamous epithelium of underlying capillaries

49
Q

describe the process of gas exchange between the capillaries and alveoli

A
  1. capillaries contain blood coming from right side of heat with a high concentration of CO2
  2. alveolus contains air that was inspired that has a high concentration of O2
  3. CO2 will move into alveolus, and O2 will move into capillary to establish equilibrium between the concentrations of gases
  4. capillary carries oxygenated blood to left side of heart and air in alveolus containing CO2 will be expired
50
Q

how is respiration regulated?

A

there are sensors in the aorta that sense O2 levels in blood, and if O2 levels are low, signals will be sent to respiratory centers in the brain to increase respiration frequency in an attempt to get more O2 into blood

51
Q

is breathing voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary, but reflexive

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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