Joints for Exam 4

Question 1

list the 3 types of movement within synovial joints

Answer 1

1. gliding
2. angular
3. circular

Question 2

describe gliding movement, and what type of joints its common in

Answer 2

2 flat surfaces move over each other, in plane joints

Question 3

describe angular movement

Answer 3

one part of a joint bends in relation to the other part

Question 4

describe circular movement

Answer 4

movement in the shape of an arc

Question 5

list the 4 types of angular movements

Answer 5

1. flexion
2. extension
3. abduction
4. adduction

Question 6

describe flexion

Answer 6

true bending

Question 7

describe extension

Answer 7

straightening (hyperextension= too far)

Question 8

describe abduction

Answer 8

movement away from the median plane

Question 9

describe adduction

Answer 9

movement towards median plane

Question 10

describe a way to remember ADDuction

Answer 10

ADDing to body by moving closer to center

Question 11

list the 2 types of circular movements

Answer 11

1. rotation

2. circumduction

Question 12

describe rotation and give an example

Answer 12

turning a structure around its long axis, an example is the movement of the head

Question 13

describe circumduction and give an example

Answer 13

conical movement, combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, an example is arm or leg circles

Question 14

where does circumduction take place?

Answer 14

only in joints with the widest range of motion, like ball and socket joints

Question 15

define range of motion

Answer 15

the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint

Question 16

what 7 things influence range of motion?

Answer 16

1. shape of articular surfaces
2. amount of cartilage covering surfaces
3. strength/location of tendons/ligaments
4. strength/location of muscles associated with joint
5. amount of fluid around joint
6. amount of pain around joint
7. amount of use/disuse joint receives over time

Question 17

describe dislocation

Answer 17

articular surfaces of bone have moved out of proper alignment

Question 18

how do you treat dislocation?

Answer 18

by returning bones to normal position ASAP

Question 19

why is it important to return dislocated bones to normal position ASAP?

Answer 19

the articular capsule will reform whether in alignment or not

Question 20

describe a sprain

Answer 20

damage to ligaments of a joint

Question 21

how do you treat a sprain?

Answer 21

rest, ice, and elevation

Question 22

what is a strain?

Answer 22

excessive stretching of muscle or tendon, NOT the joint

Question 23

do joint infections happen easily or rarely? why?

Answer 23

easily, because there is no blood supply and therefore no immune cells

Question 24

describe erysipelas

Answer 24

bacterial infection of the skin, can infect joints if left untreated, causing joint inflammation, common in pigs and humans

Question 25

describe umbilical infections

Answer 25

bacterial infection spreads from umbilicus to joints causing joint inflammation, common in foals, happens after birth

Question 26

describe caprine arthritis-encephalitis (non-septic arthritis)

Answer 26

a viral infection that causes inflammation of joints and brain swelling, affects goats, with no outward signs until arthritis and encephalitis stage

Question 27

describe joint damage, like puncture wounds

Answer 27

exposes interior of joint to bacteria and synovial fluid provides nutrients for bacteria to grow, resulting in joint infection

Question 28

describe osteoarthritis

Answer 28

inflammation of a joint leads to swelling and pain, affecting range of motion

Question 29

describe chronic osteoarthritis

Answer 29

causes changes to bone and cartilage, loss of articular cartilage leads to erosion of underlying bone, causing development of bone spurs

Question 30

describe degenerative joint disease

Answer 30

comes from severe chronic arthritis, can only treat to cure pain, not fix the condition, can inject corticosteroids to reduce inflammation