Respiratory System

Question 1

what are the two fissures in the lungs

Answer 1

oblique and transverse fissures

Question 2

what is the path of the oblique fissure

Answer 2

goes from the 3rd thoracic spine to the 6th costal cartilage

Question 3

what is the path of the transverse fissure

Answer 3

follows the 4th rib to meet the oblique fissure

Question 4

where do the lungs extend to in the midclavicular line

Answer 4

6th rib

Question 5

where do the lungs extend to in the midaxillary line

Answer 5

8th rib

Question 6

where do the lungs extend to in the mid scapula line

Answer 6

10th rib

Question 7

where does the parietal pleura extend to in the midclavicular line

Answer 7

8th rib

Question 8

where does the parietal pleura extend to in the midaxillary line

Answer 8

10th rib

Question 9

where does the parietal pleura extend to in the mid scapular line

Answer 9

12th rib

Question 10

where is the cardiac notch

Answer 10

ribs 4-6

Question 11

posterior border of each lung extends from where to where

Answer 11

C7 to T10

Question 12

what is the thoracic

outlet bounded by

Answer 12

12th thoracic vertebra
11 and 12 ribs
costal cartilages or ribs 7-10
xiphisternal joint

Question 13

what is the thoracic inlet bounded by

Answer 13

first thoracic vertebrae
first pair of ribs
costal cartilage of the first rib
superior border of the manubrium

Question 14

what is the shape of the body of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 14

heart shaped and intermediate size

Question 15

what is the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae like

Answer 15

long, slender, sloped downwards and non bifid

Question 16

what passes through the intervertebral foramen

Answer 16

the root of spinal nerves

Question 17

what are the various parts of the sternum

Answer 17

manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Question 18

what type of joint is at the sternoclavicular joint

Answer 18

secondary cartilaginous joint

Question 19

what is the notch formed at the top of the manubrium

Answer 19

jugular notch

Question 20

at what vertebral level is the sternomanubrium joint

Answer 20

T2

Question 21

at what vertebral level is the xiphoid process

Answer 21

T10

Question 22

where do the ribs articulate with the vertebrae

Answer 22

the body of the vertebrae at costovertebral joints and the tubercle of the rib with the transverse process at the costotransverse joint

Question 23

what type of joints are costotransverse and costovertebral joints

Answer 23

synovial plane joint

Question 24

what are true ribs

Answer 24

costal cartilages attach directly to sternum- ribs 1-7

Question 25

what are false ribs

Answer 25

ribs that attach to the sternum via other cartilages- ribs 8-10

Question 26

what are floating ribs

Answer 26

dont attach to the sternum- ribs 11-12

Question 27

what structures are found in the costal sulcus/groove

Answer 27

vascular bundle- intercostal subclavian vein and artery an intercostal nerve

Question 28

what grooves can be found on the first rib

Answer 28

anterior groove- subclavian vein | posterior groove- subclavian artery

Question 29

why is the right dome of the diaphragm higher

Answer 29

because of the liver

Question 30

which costal cartliages is the diaphragm attached to

Answer 30

7-12

Question 31

what are the 4 attachments of the diaphragm

Answer 31

lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments, right crus, Left crus, central tendon

Question 32

what spinal level does the right crus arise from

Answer 32

L1-3

Question 33

what spinal level does the left crus arise from

Answer 33

L1-2

Question 34

what level is the caval opening at

Answer 34

T8

Question 35

what level is the oesophageal hiatus at

Answer 35

T10

Question 36

what level is the aortic hiatus found

Answer 36

T12

Question 37

what goes through the caval openings

Answer 37

inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve

Question 38

what does the aortic hiatus transmit

Answer 38

aorta, azygous, hemizygous vein, thoracic duct

Question 39

what spinal roots does the phrenic nerve originate from

Answer 39

C3,4,5

Question 40

what are the 3 intercostal muscles

Answer 40

external intercostal muscle, internal and innermost intercostal muscle

Question 41

how are the external intercostal muscles orientated

Answer 41

strands of muscle are sloped downwards and into the pockets

Question 42

how are the internal intercostal muscles orientated

Answer 42

sloped back upwards and outwards

Question 43

how are the innermost intercostal muscles orientated

Answer 43

slope down and are orientated to go around the back (posterior inferior)

Question 44

what is the intercostal membrane

Answer 44

the aponeurotic membranes of the external and internal intercostal muscles

Question 45

between which intercostal muscles do we find the neurovascular bundle

Answer 45

in the costal groove between the internal and innermost

Question 46

what structures are present in the neurovascular bundle

Answer 46

vein, artery , nerve

Question 47

best place to enter a chest drain

Answer 47

5th intercostal space in the mid axillary line

Question 48

what level of vertebrae is the diaphragm attached to

Answer 48

L1

Question 49

what drains to the thoracic duct

Answer 49

Left side of chest wall and body

Question 50

what drains to the right lymphatic duct

Answer 50

right upper quadrant- right side of chest wall

Question 51

where do lymphs of the lung drain to

Answer 51

bronchopulmonary lymph nodes- then tracheobrachial lymph nodes - thoracic duct

Question 52

where do we find the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

Answer 52

bifurcation of the larger bronchi

Question 53

what are the locations of the major lymph nodes

Answer 53

axillary, superficial and deep inguinal, pectoral,tracheobronchial lumbar/pelvic, superficial and deep cervical

Question 54

what type of tissue is breast tissue composed of

Answer 54

glandular and adipose

Question 55

where does majority of the lymph from the breast drain to

Answer 55

anterior pectoral group of axillary nodes with some draining to the parasternal nodes

Question 56

what is the axillary tail

Answer 56

extension of the breast tissue that extends to penetrate the floor of the axilla close to the nodes

Question 57

what is the upper respiratory tract

Answer 57

all the organs above the sternal angle/cricoid cartilage

Question 58

what is the lower resp tract

Answer 58

all organs including the trachea and below

Question 59

what innervates the lower resp tract

Answer 59

sympathetic- from the upper thoracic regions. parasympathetic from vagus nerve

Question 60

what is the conducting zone

Answer 60

trachea to terminal bronchi

Question 61

what is the respiratory zone

Answer 61

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Question 62

between what levels is the larynx found

Answer 62

C3-6

Question 63

what forms the laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)

Answer 63

thyroid cartilage

Question 64

level of the start of the trachea

Answer 64

C6

Question 65

at what spinal level does the trachea bifuricate

Answer 65

T4

Question 66

what muscle is found in the trachea

Answer 66

trachealus muscle

Question 67

what does the trachealus muscle do

Answer 67

connects all the cartilage rings at the back

Question 68

what is the carina

Answer 68

a keel shaped cartilage ring found at the bifurcation

Question 69

what are the tracheooesophageal grooves

Answer 69

grooves that lie between the trachea and oesophagus here the recurrent laryngeal nerve is found

Question 70

which bronchi is more likely to get blocked, why

Answer 70

left because the right is shorter wider and more vertical

Question 71

what epithelial cells make up the bronchi

Answer 71

pseudostratified columnar epithelial

Question 72

what is the name of the branches of the right main bronchus

Answer 72

superior lobar bronchus and the main bronchus continues as the hyper arterial bronchus

Question 73

how does the histology change throughout the length of the bronchi

Answer 73

They gradually loose their cartilage and glands and increase in smooth muscle and elastic fibre content

Question 74

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the right and left

Answer 74

right-10 left 8/9

Question 75

why is it good that there are bronchopulmonary segments in the lungs

Answer 75

each segment has its own blood and air supply so you can remove a segment without affecting any neighbours

Question 76

what substance helps make surfactant

Answer 76

Clara or club cells

Question 77

how many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 77

3- superior middle inferior

Question 78

how many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 78

2- superior and inferior

Question 79

what do the fissures do

Answer 79

separate the lobes of the lungs

Question 80

what is the lingula

Answer 80

a little lobe just below the cardiac notch

Question 81

what are the 3 surfaces of the lung

Answer 81

costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic

Question 82

what is the apex

Answer 82

the point of the lung

Question 83

where does the apex extend to

Answer 83

above the first rib but it is protected by the clavicle

Question 84

what membrane covers the apex of the lung

Answer 84

supra pleural membrane

Question 85

what is the hilum of the lung

Answer 85

place where all the vessels and structures ie bronchi pass through (vein, bronchus, artery, lymphs and nerves )

Question 86

what are the specific positions of the bronchi, veins and arteries in the hilum

Answer 86

bronchi- posterior pulmonary vein- anterior and inferior pulmonary artery- superior

Question 87

what is the role of the pleura

Answer 87

to maintain the air pressure and cause frictionless movement

Question 88

what nerves supply the parietal pleura

Answer 88

somatic nerves- intercostal and phrenic (supplies the mediastinal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura

Question 89

what nerves supply the visceral pleura

Answer 89

T2-5

Question 90

what is a pleural reflection

Answer 90

place at which the parietal pleura changes its direction of travel

Question 91

what is a pleural recess

Answer 91

increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections

Question 92

what are the two pleural recesses

Answer 92

costomediastinal recess- found between the lungs and the middle costodiaphragmatic recess- costophrenic angle between the diaphragm and the lungs

Question 93

what is the clinical relevance of recesses

Answer 93

can sometimes be the best areas to draw fluid from when you need to penetrate the lungs