Endocrine

Question 1

In what depression of the skull does the pituitary gland sit

Answer 1

sella turica in the sphenoid bone

Question 2

what structure is commonly affected with enlargement of the pituitary gland?

Answer 2

often presses on the optic chiasm resulting in visual field defect

Question 3

how it the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus

Answer 3

pituitary stalk

Question 4

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary formed from embyoloically

Answer 4

branchial arteries

Question 5

how does the anterior lobe of the pituitary communicate with the hypothalamus

Answer 5

through the hypophyseal capillary portal system

Question 6

what hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe

Answer 6

oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 7

how does the posterior pituitary lobe communicate with the hypothalamus

Answer 7

nerve terminals of the hypothalamus neurones infundibulum

Question 8

what are the three main types of cells In the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 8

acidophilic
basophilic
chromophobic

Question 9

what are the classes of acidophilic cells and what do they do?

Answer 9

somatotrophs- release GH

mammotrophs- release prolactin

Question 10

what colour do acidophilic cells stain

Answer 10

pink

Question 11

what colour do basophilic cells stain

Answer 11

light purple

Question 12

what are the classes of basophilic cells and what do they do

Answer 12

corticotrophs- release ACTH and MSH
Thyrotrophs- release TSH
Gonadotrophs- release FSH and LH

Question 13

what colour do chromophoric cells stain

Answer 13

dont take up much stain so appear pale

Question 14

what is the blood supply to the pituitary gland

Answer 14

branches from the internal carotid
superior hyophysial artery- breaks into capillaries (portal system) to supply the anterior part
inferior hypophyseal artery which supplies the posterior part

Question 15

what is the venous drainage of the pituitary

Answer 15

hypophyseal veins into the cavernous sinus

Question 16

between which vertebral bodies is the thyroid located

Answer 16

C5-T1

Question 17

between which structures is the thyroid located

Answer 17

Cricoid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring

Question 18

what two nerves run close to the thyroid and what do they supply

Answer 18

recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve

they supply the vocal cords

Question 19

what is the blood supply of the thyroid artery

Answer 19

superior and inferior thyroid artery

Question 20

from which structure does the superior thyroid artery arise

Answer 20

external carotid

Question 21

from which structure does the inferior thyroid artery arise

Answer 21

subclavian artery

Question 22

describe the venous drainage of the thyroid

Answer 22

superior vein drains into the internal jugular
middle thyroid vein into the internal jugular
inferior thyroid vein not the brachiocephalic vein

Question 23

where do the thyroid lymph vessels drain into

Answer 23

deep cervical group of lymph nodes

Question 24

what 3 cells make up the thyroid

Answer 24

colloid
follicle cells
C Cells

Question 25

what colour does the colloid stain

Answer 25

blue

Question 26

what do C Cells secrete

Answer 26

calcitonin

Question 27

where do the parathyroid glands lie

Answer 27

medial half of the posterior surface of each thyroid lobe

Question 28

how many thyroid glands do we have normally and where are they located

Answer 28

4 2x superior- situated at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 2x inferior located near the inferior poles of the thyroid though this can vary

Question 29

what is the arterial supply of the parathyroids.

Answer 29

inferior thyroid artery

Question 30

what is the venous drainage of the parathyroids

Answer 30

via the veins that drain they thyroid | drain into the internal jugular veins

Question 31

what are the 2 main types of cells present in the parathyroid

Answer 31

chief cells, oxyphil cells

Question 32

how can we distinguish between chief cells and oxyphil cells on a stain

Answer 32

chief cells are usually more numerous and stain darker

Question 33

function of parathyroid cells

Answer 33

secrete PTH which is a regulator of blood calcium levels

Question 34

what are suprarenal glands

Answer 34

pair of endocrine glands situated on the upper poles of each kidney

Question 35

how are the suprarenal glands peritonised

Answer 35

retroperitoneal

Question 36

what is the embyological origin or the outer cortex of the suprarenal glands

Answer 36

arises from the mesodermal epithelium

Question 37

what is the embryological origin of the inner medulla of the suprarenal glands

Answer 37

arises from the neuroectoderm

Question 38

blood supply of the suprarenal glands

Answer 38

superior suprarenal artery- inferior phrenic arteries middle artery- aorta inferior artery- renal artery

Question 39

what is the venous drainage of the suprarenal glands

Answer 39

occurs through the suprarenal veins on the left this drains into the left renal vein on the right it drains into the IVC

Question 40

what 3 zones is the cortex of the adrenal gland divided into | and what do they secrete

Answer 40

zona glomerulosa- mineralcorticoids zona fasiculata- glucocorticoids zona reticularis- sex hormones

Question 41

where is the zone reticularis positioned

Answer 41

immediately adjacent to the medulla

Question 42

which zone of the adrenal gland is the thickest and thinnest

Answer 42

thickest- zona fasiculata | thinnest- zona glomerulosa

Question 43

which vertebral body do we find the neck of the pancreas

Answer 43

L1- transplyoric plane

Question 44

what arteries supply the pancreas

Answer 44

splenic gastroduodenal inferior pancreatic duodenal superior mesenteric

Question 45

what cells are present in the pancreas and what do they secrete

Answer 45

alpha- glucagon beta-insulin delta- somatostatin F cells- pancreatic polypeptide duct cells- acinus- secrete bicarbonate

Question 46

what does the internal laryngeal nerve do (branch of the superficial nerve)

Answer 46

sensory sensation above the epiglottis

Question 47

what does the external laryngeal nerve do

Answer 47

supplies the cricothyroid muscle

Question 48

where do we find the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 48

tracheoesophageal groove

Question 49

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do

Answer 49

sensation below the epiglottis and innervation to the vocal muscles but not the cricothyroid

Question 50

what happens if we cut the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the vocal chords

Answer 50

the damaged side- the vocal muscles will be adducted