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Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

where do we find the heart

A

T5-8 behind the sternum

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2
Q

where is the apex beat

A

left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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3
Q

what side of the vein is an artery found on

A

right

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4
Q

what is different about the layers in the arterioles

A

no tunica adventitia

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5
Q

what layers do the veins have

A

thin Tmedia and T. intima but thick T. adventitia

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6
Q

what is T adventitia composed of

A

cartiligenou tissue

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7
Q

layers of the capilleries

A

only the tunica intimacy- an endothelium on a basement membrane

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8
Q

what are pericytes

A

incomplete layer of cells surrounding the basement membrane that have a contractile function helping squeeze the blood out of the capillaries

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9
Q

where do we find the superior mediastinum

A

T1-T4 and up towards the neck

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10
Q

what is found in the superior mediastinum

A

Glands- thymus
veins
arteries- arch of the aorta
organs- oesophagus and trachea

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11
Q

where is the inferior mediastinum

A

from T4 down to the diaphragm

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12
Q

what is the inferior mediastinum further divided into

A

anterior part - very small cleft between the sternum and pericardium- thymus
Middle
Posterior part- where the vertebral column and oesophagus and azygous ect are

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13
Q

what are the layers of the heart

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
pericardium

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14
Q

what Is the endocardium

A

innermost layer which is very thin and lines the chambers of the heart

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15
Q

what cells is the endocardium composed of

A

simple squamous epithelium on a basement membrane

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16
Q

what is myocardium composed of

A

many layers of cardiac muscle and myocytes connected by intercalated discs
also has a rich capillary bed

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17
Q

what is the epicardium

A

the outermost layer also known as the visceral layer of the pericardium

18
Q

what cells is the epicardium made of

A

simple squamous epithelium sitting on a basement membrane and connective tissue

19
Q

in what layer do we find the branches of the coronary artery

A

epicardium

20
Q

how is the heart held in place

A

central tendon of the diaphragm

sternum roots of great vessels

21
Q

what are the two components of the pericardium

A

fibrous and serous

22
Q

what is the serous pericardium

A

lines the heart

has visceral and parietal layers

23
Q

role of the serous pericardium

A

secrete pericardial fluid that can act as a lubricant

24
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

most superficial layer and attached to the parietal layer

25
Q

role of the fibrous pericardium

A

prevents the heart overfilling with blood

26
Q

what is the innervation of the visceral pericardium

A

T1-T4 nerves and the vagus nerve via the cardiac plexus

27
Q

what is the innervation of the parietal and fibrous pericardium

A

phrenic nerve

28
Q

which layers of the heart can feel pain

A

parietal and fibrous

29
Q

role of papillary muscles

A

prevent inversion of valves

30
Q

where do the coronary arteries arise from

A

aortic sinus of the ascending aorta - one of the cusps in the aortic valve

31
Q

in which layer is the aortic sinus present

A

epicardium

32
Q

what are the lymphs that help drain the chest

A

parasternal
phrenic nodes
intercostal nodes

33
Q

where are the parasternal lymph nodes found and where do they receive lymph from

A

along the internal thoracic artery

medial part of breast, intercostal spaces, costal pleura and diaphragm

34
Q

where are the phrenic nodes situated and where do they receive from

A

thoracic surface of diaphragm

pericardium, diaphragm, liver

35
Q

where do the phrenic nodes drain to

A

parasternal nodes

36
Q

where are the intercostal nodes found

A

vertebral end of the intercostal space

37
Q

where does lymph drainage from the heart occur

A

goes to the right inferior tracheobronchial nodes and the mediastinal bronchopulmonary nodes

38
Q

what nerves help control heart rate

A

phrenic- sympathetic

vagus- parasympathetic

39
Q

where do we find the sinoatrial node

A

near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

40
Q

where is the AVN

A

inferior part of the interventricular septum

41
Q

what are the 4 corners/ borders of the heart

A

upper left rib 2
upper right rib 3
lower left rib 5
lower right rib 6

42
Q

to which corner do the heart valves radiate to

A

pulmonary- 2nd left
aortic valve- 2nd right
mitral valve- 5th left
tricuspid- 6th right

Anatomy (9 decks)

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