Cardiovascular

Question 1

where do we find the heart

Answer 1

T5-8 behind the sternum

Question 2

where is the apex beat

Answer 2

left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 3

what side of the vein is an artery found on

Answer 3

right

Question 4

what is different about the layers in the arterioles

Answer 4

no tunica adventitia

Question 5

what layers do the veins have

Answer 5

thin Tmedia and T. intima but thick T. adventitia

Question 6

what is T adventitia composed of

Answer 6

cartiligenou tissue

Question 7

layers of the capilleries

Answer 7

only the tunica intimacy- an endothelium on a basement membrane

Question 8

what are pericytes

Answer 8

incomplete layer of cells surrounding the basement membrane that have a contractile function helping squeeze the blood out of the capillaries

Question 9

where do we find the superior mediastinum

Answer 9

T1-T4 and up towards the neck

Question 10

what is found in the superior mediastinum

Answer 10

Glands- thymus
veins
arteries- arch of the aorta
organs- oesophagus and trachea

Question 11

where is the inferior mediastinum

Answer 11

from T4 down to the diaphragm

Question 12

what is the inferior mediastinum further divided into

Answer 12

anterior part - very small cleft between the sternum and pericardium- thymus
Middle
Posterior part- where the vertebral column and oesophagus and azygous ect are

Question 13

what are the layers of the heart

Answer 13

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
pericardium

Question 14

what Is the endocardium

Answer 14

innermost layer which is very thin and lines the chambers of the heart

Question 15

what cells is the endocardium composed of

Answer 15

simple squamous epithelium on a basement membrane

Question 16

what is myocardium composed of

Answer 16

many layers of cardiac muscle and myocytes connected by intercalated discs
also has a rich capillary bed

Question 17

what is the epicardium

Answer 17

the outermost layer also known as the visceral layer of the pericardium

Question 18

what cells is the epicardium made of

Answer 18

simple squamous epithelium sitting on a basement membrane and connective tissue

Question 19

in what layer do we find the branches of the coronary artery

Answer 19

epicardium

Question 20

how is the heart held in place

Answer 20

central tendon of the diaphragm

sternum roots of great vessels

Question 21

what are the two components of the pericardium

Answer 21

fibrous and serous

Question 22

what is the serous pericardium

Answer 22

lines the heart

has visceral and parietal layers

Question 23

role of the serous pericardium

Answer 23

secrete pericardial fluid that can act as a lubricant

Question 24

what is the fibrous pericardium

Answer 24

most superficial layer and attached to the parietal layer

Question 25

role of the fibrous pericardium

Answer 25

prevents the heart overfilling with blood

Question 26

what is the innervation of the visceral pericardium

Answer 26

T1-T4 nerves and the vagus nerve via the cardiac plexus

Question 27

what is the innervation of the parietal and fibrous pericardium

Answer 27

phrenic nerve

Question 28

which layers of the heart can feel pain

Answer 28

parietal and fibrous

Question 29

role of papillary muscles

Answer 29

prevent inversion of valves

Question 30

where do the coronary arteries arise from

Answer 30

aortic sinus of the ascending aorta - one of the cusps in the aortic valve

Question 31

in which layer is the aortic sinus present

Answer 31

epicardium

Question 32

what are the lymphs that help drain the chest

Answer 32

parasternal phrenic nodes intercostal nodes

Question 33

where are the parasternal lymph nodes found and where do they receive lymph from

Answer 33

along the internal thoracic artery | medial part of breast, intercostal spaces, costal pleura and diaphragm

Question 34

where are the phrenic nodes situated and where do they receive from

Answer 34

thoracic surface of diaphragm | pericardium, diaphragm, liver

Question 35

where do the phrenic nodes drain to

Answer 35

parasternal nodes

Question 36

where are the intercostal nodes found

Answer 36

vertebral end of the intercostal space

Question 37

where does lymph drainage from the heart occur

Answer 37

goes to the right inferior tracheobronchial nodes and the mediastinal bronchopulmonary nodes

Question 38

what nerves help control heart rate

Answer 38

phrenic- sympathetic | vagus- parasympathetic

Question 39

where do we find the sinoatrial node

Answer 39

near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

Question 40

where is the AVN

Answer 40

inferior part of the interventricular septum

Question 41

what are the 4 corners/ borders of the heart

Answer 41

upper left rib 2 upper right rib 3 lower left rib 5 lower right rib 6

Question 42

to which corner do the heart valves radiate to

Answer 42

pulmonary- 2nd left aortic valve- 2nd right mitral valve- 5th left tricuspid- 6th right