Repro Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What bones make up the hip bone
A
Illeum ischium and pubis
2
Q
what attaches to the external surface of the ileum
A
gluteal muscles
3
Q
What attaches to the internal surface of the ileum
A
illiacus muscle
4
Q
What is the iliac crest
A
Thickening of the superior margin of the illeum wing
5
Q
What is the greater sciatic notch
A
An indentation found on the posterior side of the ileum
6
Q
Where is the obturator foramen
A
the hole between the pubis and the ischium
7
Q
What goes through the obturator foramen
A
Obturator nerve artery and vein
8
Q
Where are the ischial tuberosities
A
posterior inferior aspect of the ischium
9
Q
what 2 ligaments are attached to the ischium
A
Sacrospinous and sacrotuberus ligament
10
Q
Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach and what does it form
A
from the ischial spine to the sacrum forming the greater sciatic foramen
11
Q
where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach and what does it form
A
From the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum. Forming the lesser sciatic foramen
12
Q
what type of joint are sacroilliac joints
A
synovial plane joint
13
Q
What type of joint is the sacrococcygeal symphysis
A
secondary cartilaginous joint
14
Q
what type of joint is the pubic symphysis
A
secondary cartilaginous joint
15
Q
What are the 3 functions of the pelvis
A
Transfer of weight from upper to lower skeleton
Provides attachments for muscles and ligaments
Protects and covers abdominopelvic and pelvic viscera
16
Q
What is found in the greater pelvis
A
ileum and sigmoid
17
Q
What is found in the lesser pelvis
A
Pelvic cavity and pelvic viscera
18
Q
what is the junction between the lesser and greater pelvis called
A
Pelvic inlet
19
Q
What are the lateral borders of the pelvic inlet
A
Arcuate line of the ileum and the pectineal line of the superior pubic ramus ie the iliopectineal line
20
Q
Lateral border of the pelvic outlet
A
ischial tuberosities and inferior margin of sacrotuberous ligament
21
Q
Anterior border of the pelvic outlet
A
Pubic arch
22
Q
what is the sub pubic angle and the difference between males and females
A
Angle beneath the pubic arch
Females its obtuse and males its acute
23
Q
What does the sacrum articulate with
A
the 5th lumbar artery, the coccyx, ileum and ligaments and muscles
24
Q
What muscles attach to the anterior surface of the sacrum
A
Piriformis- s2-s4
coccygeus
illiacus
25
what is found in the central canal of the sacrum
the cauda equina and filum terminale
26
where Is the base and apex of the Coccyx located
base- at the top and apex at the bottom
27
what muscles attach to the coccyx
gluteus maximus, levator ani
28
what forms the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
Piriformis and obturator internus
29
what are the two holes in the pelvic diaphragm
urogenital hiatus and rectal hiatus
30
what lies between the urogenital hiatus and the rectal hiatus
the perineal body
31
what Is the perineal body
fibrous node
32
functions of the pelvic floor
Support of abdominopelvic viscera
resistance to increase in abdominopelvic pressure
urinary and faecal continence
33
what are the 3 components of the pelvic floor
Levator Ani
coccygeus
Fascia coverings of the muscles
34
innervation of the levator ani muscles
anterior ramus of S4 and branches of the pudendal nerve
35
what are the root values of the pudendal nerve
S2,3,4
36
what 3 muscles is the levator ani composed of
pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus
37
what is the tendinous arch
thickened fascia of the obturator internus to which the levator ani attaches to
38
what is the position of the puborectalis
it is a U shaped sling that wraps around the urogenital hiatus and the anal hiatus?
39
what does the puborectalis do
It forms the anorectal angle by bending the canal anteriorly
it maintains faecal continence
also pre rectal fibres are important in urinary continence
40
attachments of the pubococcygeus
from the pubic bone and tendinous arch to the coccyx and anococcygeal ligament
41
Attachments of the illiococcygeus
ischial spine to the coccyx
42
function of the illiococcygeus
elevates the pelvic floor and the anorectal canal
43
innervation of the coccygeus
anterior rami of S4 and S5
44
attachments of the coccygeus
ischial spine to the coccyx
45
what is the anococcygeal body
a fibrous structure that extends between the coccyx and the margin of the anus
46
what is the perineum
its the area between the external genitalia and the anus
47
what are the main contents of the anal traingle
anal aperture, external anal sphincter sischioanal fosse x2
48
what are the sischioanal fossae
they are spaces containing fat tissue that allow for expansion of the anal canal in defeacation
49
what is the innervation of the perineal region
pudendal nerve- somatic
50
what is attached to the perineal muscle
levator ani, bulbospongiosus muscle , superficial and deep transverse perineal muscle, external anal sphincter and external urethral sphincter
51
how does the pudednal nerve reach the perineal region
goes through alcocks canal that is formed by a thickening in the obturator fascia
52
what Is the deep perineal pouch
space between the deep fascia of the pelvic floor and the perineal membrane
53
what does the deep perineal pouch contain
urethra and sphincter
vagina
in males: bulbourethral glands and deep transverse perineal muscle
54
what is the perineal membrane
a layer of tough fascia that provides attachment for the muscles of the external genitalia
55
what is found in the superficial perineal pouch
erectile tissues that form the penis and the clitoris and the 3 muscles:
bulbospongiosis, ichiocavernosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles
also the greater vestibular glands
56
what is the perineal fascia
a continuity of the abdominal fascia
57
what are the components of the perineal fascia and what does it do
deep perineal fascia- covers the superficial perineal muscles and protruding structures (penis and clitoris)
superficial fascia- again split into Deep And superficial layer
58
Contents of the greater sciatic foramen
suprapiriform- superior gluteal artery nerve and vein
| infrapiriform- pudendal nerve, sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal nerve artery and vein and other nerves
59
what structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen
pudendal nerve- re enters here
internal pudendal artery and vein
obturator internus tendon
nerve to obturator internus
60
borders of the greater sciatic foramen
superior - sacroiliac ligament
inferior - sacrospinous ligament
lateral - sacrotuberous ligament and greater sciatic notch
61
borders of the lesser sciatic foramen
superior -sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine
anterior - ischial spine, ischial tuberosity and less sciatic notch
posterior - sacrotuberous ligament
62
what are the 3 parts of the penis
Root
body
glans
63
where is the root of the penis located
superficial perineal pouch
64
What are the 3 erectile tissues found in the root of the penis
2 crura and one
65
what muscles are found in the root of the penis
Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
66
what is the body of the penis composed of
2x corpus cavernosa tissues and one corpus spongiosum
67
what is the glans of the penis formed by
the expansion of the corpus spongiosum
68
what do the two crura and the bulb in the penis form
2 crura- corpus cavernosa
| bulb- corpus spongiosum
69
what happens in erection
corpus cavernosa fills with blood as does the spongiosum but to a lesser extent because it prevents the urethra from being squashed
70
function of the bulbospongiosus
contracts to empty the spongy urethra of any residual semen and urine
also helps maintain the erection
71
Function of the Ischiocavernosus
contracts forcing blood from the cavernous spaces in the crura to the corpus cavernosa - helps maintain an erection
72
what are the fascial coverings that cover the erectile tissue
deep fascia of the penis- bucks fascia - continuation of the deep perineal fascia
superficial fascia is the Colles fascia
73
what is found underneath the deep fascia of the penis
tunica albuginea- this is another strong fascia
74
what 2 ligaments support the root of the penis
suspensory ligament and the fundiform ligament
75
What artery supplies the penis
internal pudendal artery
76
function of the testes
site of sperm production
77
What are the testes composed of
Seminiferous tubules that are lined by sertoli cells
| Also interstitial tissue between these tubules that contain leydig cells
78
Function of sertoli cells
Aid in sperm maturation
79
what do leydig cells do
produce testosterone
80
what do the seminiferous tubules collect together to dorm
rete testes
81
how does the sperm get from the testes to the epididymus
efferent tubules transport it from the rete testes to the epididymus
82
what is the tunica vaginalis and its function
a sac that covers the testes - has a visceral and parietal layer
function- lubricates the surface of the testes allowing for friction free movement
83
what Is the tunica albuginea
another covering that penetrates into the parenchyma of each testes dividing it into lobules
84
What are the 3 parts of the epididymus
Head, body, tail
85
what is the epidymus-
a heavily coiled duct that stored sperm
86
innervation of the testes
from the testicular plexus - autonomic and sensory
87
vascular supply of the testes
testicular artery
88
where does the testicular artery arise
L2
89
venous drainage of the testes
pampiniform plexus to the testicular veins
90
Where do the testicular veins drain to
Right- inferior vena cava
| Left- left renal vein
91
Lymphatic drainage of the testes
lumbar and para aortic nodes
92
lymphatic drainage of the scrotum
superficial inguinal nodes
93
where are the testes originally located in developement
posterior abdominal wall
94
What is the scrotum
fibromuscular sac forming an expansion of the perineum
95
vasculature of the scrotum
anterior and posterior scrotal arteries and scrotal veins
96
function of the prostate
secretes proteolytic enzymes into the semen which breaks down clotting factors in ejaculation
97
what lies posteriorly to the prostate
the ampulla of the rectum
98
how do the enzymes leave the prostate
via the prostatic ducts which open into the prostatic urethra
99
what are the three zones of the prostate
central, transitional and peripheral zone
100
vasculature of the prostate
prostatic arteries- from the internal iliac artery
| prostatic venous plexus into the internal iliac vein
101
innervation of the prostate
by the inferior hypogastric plexus
102
lymph drainage of the prostate
internal iliac and sacral nodes
103
what are the 3 parts of the urethra
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
104
what is the widest and narrows part of the urethra
widest- prostatic
| narrowest-membranous
105
where are the bulbourethral glands located
posterolateral to the membranous urethra and superiorly to the bulb of the penis
106
into what part of the urethra do the bulbourethral glands empty
superior part of the spongy urethra
107
where are the bulbourethral glands developed from embryollogically
urogenital sinus
108
function of the bulbourethral glands
produce a mucus secretion containing glycoproteins
this acts as a lubrication for the penis
expels any residue of urine etc
helps neutralise acidity in the urethra
109
Innervation fo the bulbourethral glands
Hypogastric and pudendal nerve
110
lymphatic drainage of the bulbourethral glands
Drain to the internal and external iliac lymph nodes
111
where are the seminal glands located
between the bladder and the rectum
112
how do emissions from the seminal glands enter the urethra
seminal duct joins with the vas deferens forming the ejaculatory duct
113
where does the ejaculatory duct enter the urethra
prostatic urethra
114
what kind of mucosa lines the seminal vesicles
pseudo stratified columnar
115
what is the embryological origin of the seminal vesicle
mesonephric ducts
116
function of the seminal vesicles
They make components that make up semen
117
vasculature of the seminal vesicles
branches of the internal iliac
118
lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles
external and internal iliac lymph nodes
119
what is the vulva
The female external genitalia
120
functions of the vulva
Provides sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
Helps in micturition by directing the flow of urine
protects the internal reproductive tract from infection
121
what is the mons pubis
subcutaneous fat pad located anterior to the pubic symphysis- formed by the fusion of the labia majora
122
what are the labia majora embryologically derived from
labioscrotal swellings
123
what are the labia minor embryologically derived from
urethral folds
124
what is the hood of the clitoris
the place where the labia minora fuse
125
what is the forchette
where the labia minor fuse posteriorly
126
difference between labia majora and minora
minora is hairless majora has hair, minora is within the majora
127
what is the vestibule
the area enclosed by the labia majora contains the vagina and urethra
128
what is bartholins gland
gland that secretes lubricating mucous during arousal and are located on either side of the vaginal orifice
129
what is the clitoris formed of?
erectile corpora cavernosa
130
what was the clitoris embryologically derived from
genital tubercle
131
vascular supply of the vulva
pudendal arteries
132
venous drainage of the vulva
pudendal veins- labial veins can act as tributaries too
133
lymph drainage of the vulva
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
134
which nerves supply sensory innervation to the anterior vulva
ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
135
which nerves supply sensory innervation to the posterior vulva
pudendal nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
136
function of the vagina
sexual intercourse, child birth, menstruation
137
what is found anterior to the vagina
bladder and urethra
138
what is found posterior to the vagina
rectouterine pouch, rectum and anus
139
what is found lateral to the vagina
ureters and levator ani muscle
140
what are the fornices of the vagina
posterior and anterior fornix
141
why is the posterior fornix important
acts as a natural reservoir for semen after ejaculation
142
what 4 histological layers is the vagina composed of
stratified squamous epithelium
elastic lamina propria
fibromuscular layer
adventitia
143
vascular supply of the vagina
uterine and vaginal arteries - both branches of the internal iliac artery
144
lymphatic drainage of the vagina
superior - external iliac nodes
middle- internal iliac nodes
inferior- superficial inguinal nodes
145
innervation of the vagina
```
mainly autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) from the uterovaginal nerve plexus
some somatic from the deep perineal nerve (pudendal nerve)
```
146
what are the 2 sections of the cervix
ectocervix and endocervix
147
what is the difference between the ectocervix and endocervix
ecto-portion of the cervix that opens into the vagina and is lined by stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium
endo- this is more proximal and lined by mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
148
vascular supply to the cervix
uterine artery
149
venous supply to the cervix
plexus in the broad ligament that drains to uterine veins
150
lymph drainage of the uterus
fundus of uterus- pre aortic
body- external iliac
cervix- internal iliac and sacral
151
what are the 3 parts of the uterus
fundus
body
cervix
152
where is the fungus located
the part of the uterus above the entrance of the uterine tubes
153
what does anteverted mean
rotated forwards towards the anterior surface of the body
154
what does ante flexed mean
flexed towards the anterior surface
155
what are the 3 histological layers of the uterus
peritoneum
myometrium
endometrium - deep stratum basalis and superficial stratum functionalis
156
what is the broad ligament
double layer of peritoneum that attaches the sides of the uterus to the pelvis
157
where is the round ligament
extends from the uterine horns to the labia majora
158
function of the round ligament
keeps the uterus anteverted
159
function of the ovarian ligament
joins the ovaries to the uterus
160
where is the cardinal ligament
found at the base of the broad ligament, extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls
161
function of the cardinal ligament
contains the uterine artery and vein and provides support to the uterus
162
what is another name for the cardinal ligament
transverse cervical ligament
163
where is the uterosacral ligament
extends from the cervix to the sacrum
164
vascular, venous and lymph supply of the uterus
same as the cervix
165
innervation of the uterus
sympathetic from the uterovaginal plexus and inferior hypogastric plexus
parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerves
166
root values of the pelvic splanchnic nerves
S2-4
167
what are the 2 histological layers in the uterine tubes and why are they important
inner mucosa- lined with ciliated epithelial cells and peg cells which waft the ovum towards the uterus
smooth muscle layer contracts to assist with that movement
168
what are the 4 parts of the Fallopian tubes
fimbrae
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
169
what is the widest and narrowest section of the uterine tubes
narrowest- isthmus
| widest- ampulla
170
vascular supply to the uterine tubes
ovarian and uterine artery and veins
171
lymphatic drainage of the uterine tubes
sacral, aortic, iliac, nodes
172
innervation of the uterine tubes
sympathetic and parasympathetic from the uterine and ovarian plexuses
sensory fibres run from T11-L1
173
how are ovaries attached to the broad ligament
attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by the mesovarium
174
main functions of the ovaries
produce oocytes
| produce sex hormones Ie LH and FSH
175
what is the histological structure of the surface of the ovary
formed by simple cuboidal epithelium
| underlying this is a dense connective tissue capsule
176
what is the cortex of the ovary composed of
connective tissue storm and many ovarian follicles each containing an oocyte
177
what Is the medulla of the ovary
formed by a loose connective tissue and rich neurovascular network that enters the hilum of the ovary
178
what 2 ligaments attach to the ovary
suspensory ligaments and ovarian ligament
179
where does the suspensory ligament attach
ovary to the pelvic wall
180
what is the vascular supply of the ovary
ovarian artery
181
where do the ovarian arteries come from
Branch from the abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries
182
venous supply of the ovaries and where does it drain to
ovarian veins
left- left renal vein
right- IVC
183
innervation of the ovaries
from uterine and ovarian plexuses
184
how do the nerves reach the ovary
travel along the suspensory ligaments to enter at the hilum of the ovary w
185
where does the lymph from the ovaries drain to
para-aortic nodes
186
what are the 3 regions that the broad ligament can be divided into
mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
187
what ligaments are located within the broad ligament
round
suspensory
ovarian
188
where is the spermatic cord formed
Opening of the inguinal canal
189
what are the 3 fascial coverings of the spermatic cord and where are they derived from
external spermatic fascia- from the deep subcutaneous fasciae
cremaster muscle and fascia- from internal oblique
internal spermatic fascia - from the transversals fascia
190
what is the superficial fascia near the spermatic cord
it lies just underneath the skin of the scrotum and covers the 3 fascia of the spermatic cord
191
what kind of muscle is cremaster muscle
striated muscle
192
what are the contents of the spermatic cord
blood vessels: testicular artery, cremaster artery and vein, artery to the vas deferens, pampiniform plexus
Nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
autonomic nerve
Structures: vas deferens , processus vaginalis, lymph vessels
193
what supplies the cremaster muscle
genital branch of the Genitofemoral nerve
194
what are the 3 muscle layers found in the vas deferens histologically
inner layer- longitudinal smooth muscle
intermediate layer- circular smooth muscle
outer layer- longitudinal smooth muscle
195
what is the anatomical course of the vas deferens
continues with the tail of the epididymus before travelling through the inguinal canal then moves down the lateral pelvic wall (close to the ischial spine) medially to pass between the bladder and the ureter then down the posterior part of the bladder.
the ampulla then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
196
motor functions of the pudendal nerve
external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter
| pelvic muscles- perineum (bulbospongiosis, ischiocavernosis) pelvic floor (levator ani)
197
sensation function of the pudendal nerve
supplies sensation to the external genitalia- perineal skin, lower third of anal canal, labia majora and minora, scrotum, penis and clitoris
198
what are the two remenants of the gubernaculum
Ovarian ligament and the round ligament
199
what kind of innervation causes erections?
parasympathetic
200
Innervation of the vulva including types of fibres
Somatic (sensory) and parasympathetic
anterior vulva- ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral
Posterior- pudendal nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
201
what kind of nerve fibres supply the uterus
parasympathetic and sympathetic
202
what kind of nerve fibres supply the fallopian tubes
parasympathetic and sympathetic
203
what kind of nerve fibres supply the ovaries
parasympathetic and sympathetic
204
What kind of nerve fibres supply the penis and what is their function
somatic (sensory ) fibres, sympathetic innervation to the skin
Parasympathetic causes erection
205
what kind of nerve fibres supply the testes
sensory (somatic) and autonomic
206
what kind of nerve fibres supply the prostate
sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic (sensory?)
207
what kind of nerve fibres supply the seminal vesicle
mainly sympathetic
