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Anatomy > Repro Anatomy > Flashcards

Repro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the hip bone

A

Illeum ischium and pubis

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2
Q

what attaches to the external surface of the ileum

A

gluteal muscles

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3
Q

What attaches to the internal surface of the ileum

A

illiacus muscle

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4
Q

What is the iliac crest

A

Thickening of the superior margin of the illeum wing

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5
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch

A

An indentation found on the posterior side of the ileum

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6
Q

Where is the obturator foramen

A

the hole between the pubis and the ischium

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7
Q

What goes through the obturator foramen

A

Obturator nerve artery and vein

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8
Q

Where are the ischial tuberosities

A

posterior inferior aspect of the ischium

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9
Q

what 2 ligaments are attached to the ischium

A

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberus ligament

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10
Q

Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach and what does it form

A

from the ischial spine to the sacrum forming the greater sciatic foramen

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11
Q

where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach and what does it form

A

From the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum. Forming the lesser sciatic foramen

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12
Q

what type of joint are sacroilliac joints

A

synovial plane joint

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13
Q

What type of joint is the sacrococcygeal symphysis

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

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14
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

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15
Q

What are the 3 functions of the pelvis

A

Transfer of weight from upper to lower skeleton
Provides attachments for muscles and ligaments
Protects and covers abdominopelvic and pelvic viscera

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16
Q

What is found in the greater pelvis

A

ileum and sigmoid

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17
Q

What is found in the lesser pelvis

A

Pelvic cavity and pelvic viscera

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18
Q

what is the junction between the lesser and greater pelvis called

A

Pelvic inlet

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19
Q

What are the lateral borders of the pelvic inlet

A

Arcuate line of the ileum and the pectineal line of the superior pubic ramus ie the iliopectineal line

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20
Q

Lateral border of the pelvic outlet

A

ischial tuberosities and inferior margin of sacrotuberous ligament

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21
Q

Anterior border of the pelvic outlet

A

Pubic arch

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22
Q

what is the sub pubic angle and the difference between males and females

A

Angle beneath the pubic arch

Females its obtuse and males its acute

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23
Q

What does the sacrum articulate with

A

the 5th lumbar artery, the coccyx, ileum and ligaments and muscles

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24
Q

What muscles attach to the anterior surface of the sacrum

A

Piriformis- s2-s4
coccygeus
illiacus

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25
Q

what is found in the central canal of the sacrum

A

the cauda equina and filum terminale

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26
Q

where Is the base and apex of the Coccyx located

A

base- at the top and apex at the bottom

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27
Q

what muscles attach to the coccyx

A

gluteus maximus, levator ani

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28
Q

what forms the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

A

Piriformis and obturator internus

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29
Q

what are the two holes in the pelvic diaphragm

A

urogenital hiatus and rectal hiatus

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30
Q

what lies between the urogenital hiatus and the rectal hiatus

A

the perineal body

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31
Q

what Is the perineal body

A

fibrous node

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32
Q

functions of the pelvic floor

A

Support of abdominopelvic viscera
resistance to increase in abdominopelvic pressure
urinary and faecal continence

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33
Q

what are the 3 components of the pelvic floor

A

Levator Ani
coccygeus
Fascia coverings of the muscles

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34
Q

innervation of the levator ani muscles

A

anterior ramus of S4 and branches of the pudendal nerve

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35
Q

what are the root values of the pudendal nerve

A

S2,3,4

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36
Q

what 3 muscles is the levator ani composed of

A

pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus

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37
Q

what is the tendinous arch

A

thickened fascia of the obturator internus to which the levator ani attaches to

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38
Q

what is the position of the puborectalis

A

it is a U shaped sling that wraps around the urogenital hiatus and the anal hiatus?

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39
Q

what does the puborectalis do

A

It forms the anorectal angle by bending the canal anteriorly
it maintains faecal continence
also pre rectal fibres are important in urinary continence

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40
Q

attachments of the pubococcygeus

A

from the pubic bone and tendinous arch to the coccyx and anococcygeal ligament

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41
Q

Attachments of the illiococcygeus

A

ischial spine to the coccyx

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42
Q

function of the illiococcygeus

A

elevates the pelvic floor and the anorectal canal

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43
Q

innervation of the coccygeus

A

anterior rami of S4 and S5

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44
Q

attachments of the coccygeus

A

ischial spine to the coccyx

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45
Q

what is the anococcygeal body

A

a fibrous structure that extends between the coccyx and the margin of the anus

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46
Q

what is the perineum

A

its the area between the external genitalia and the anus

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47
Q

what are the main contents of the anal traingle

A

anal aperture, external anal sphincter sischioanal fosse x2

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48
Q

what are the sischioanal fossae

A

they are spaces containing fat tissue that allow for expansion of the anal canal in defeacation

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49
Q

what is the innervation of the perineal region

A

pudendal nerve- somatic

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50
Q

what is attached to the perineal muscle

A

levator ani, bulbospongiosus muscle , superficial and deep transverse perineal muscle, external anal sphincter and external urethral sphincter

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51
Q

how does the pudednal nerve reach the perineal region

A

goes through alcocks canal that is formed by a thickening in the obturator fascia

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52
Q

what Is the deep perineal pouch

A

space between the deep fascia of the pelvic floor and the perineal membrane

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53
Q

what does the deep perineal pouch contain

A

urethra and sphincter
vagina
in males: bulbourethral glands and deep transverse perineal muscle

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54
Q

what is the perineal membrane

A

a layer of tough fascia that provides attachment for the muscles of the external genitalia

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55
Q

what is found in the superficial perineal pouch

A

erectile tissues that form the penis and the clitoris and the 3 muscles:
bulbospongiosis, ichiocavernosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles
also the greater vestibular glands

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56
Q

what is the perineal fascia

A

a continuity of the abdominal fascia

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57
Q

what are the components of the perineal fascia and what does it do

A

deep perineal fascia- covers the superficial perineal muscles and protruding structures (penis and clitoris)

superficial fascia- again split into Deep And superficial layer

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58
Q

Contents of the greater sciatic foramen

A

suprapiriform- superior gluteal artery nerve and vein

infrapiriform- pudendal nerve, sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal nerve artery and vein and other nerves

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59
Q

what structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen

A

pudendal nerve- re enters here
internal pudendal artery and vein
obturator internus tendon
nerve to obturator internus

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60
Q

borders of the greater sciatic foramen

A

superior - sacroiliac ligament
inferior - sacrospinous ligament
lateral - sacrotuberous ligament and greater sciatic notch

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61
Q

borders of the lesser sciatic foramen

A

superior -sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine
anterior - ischial spine, ischial tuberosity and less sciatic notch
posterior - sacrotuberous ligament

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62
Q

what are the 3 parts of the penis

A

Root
body
glans

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63
Q

where is the root of the penis located

A

superficial perineal pouch

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64
Q

What are the 3 erectile tissues found in the root of the penis

A

2 crura and one

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65
Q

what muscles are found in the root of the penis

A

Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

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66
Q

what is the body of the penis composed of

A

2x corpus cavernosa tissues and one corpus spongiosum

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67
Q

what is the glans of the penis formed by

A

the expansion of the corpus spongiosum

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68
Q

what do the two crura and the bulb in the penis form

A

2 crura- corpus cavernosa

bulb- corpus spongiosum

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69
Q

what happens in erection

A

corpus cavernosa fills with blood as does the spongiosum but to a lesser extent because it prevents the urethra from being squashed

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70
Q

function of the bulbospongiosus

A

contracts to empty the spongy urethra of any residual semen and urine
also helps maintain the erection

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71
Q

Function of the Ischiocavernosus

A

contracts forcing blood from the cavernous spaces in the crura to the corpus cavernosa - helps maintain an erection

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72
Q

what are the fascial coverings that cover the erectile tissue

A

deep fascia of the penis- bucks fascia - continuation of the deep perineal fascia
superficial fascia is the Colles fascia

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73
Q

what is found underneath the deep fascia of the penis

A

tunica albuginea- this is another strong fascia

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74
Q

what 2 ligaments support the root of the penis

A

suspensory ligament and the fundiform ligament

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75
Q

What artery supplies the penis

A

internal pudendal artery

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76
Q

function of the testes

A

site of sperm production

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77
Q

What are the testes composed of

A

Seminiferous tubules that are lined by sertoli cells

Also interstitial tissue between these tubules that contain leydig cells

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78
Q

Function of sertoli cells

A

Aid in sperm maturation

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79
Q

what do leydig cells do

A

produce testosterone

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80
Q

what do the seminiferous tubules collect together to dorm

A

rete testes

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81
Q

how does the sperm get from the testes to the epididymus

A

efferent tubules transport it from the rete testes to the epididymus

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82
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis and its function

A

a sac that covers the testes - has a visceral and parietal layer
function- lubricates the surface of the testes allowing for friction free movement

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83
Q

what Is the tunica albuginea

A

another covering that penetrates into the parenchyma of each testes dividing it into lobules

84
Q

What are the 3 parts of the epididymus

A

Head, body, tail

85
Q

what is the epidymus-

A

a heavily coiled duct that stored sperm

86
Q

innervation of the testes

A

from the testicular plexus - autonomic and sensory

87
Q

vascular supply of the testes

A

testicular artery

88
Q

where does the testicular artery arise

A

L2

89
Q

venous drainage of the testes

A

pampiniform plexus to the testicular veins

90
Q

Where do the testicular veins drain to

A

Right- inferior vena cava

Left- left renal vein

91
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the testes

A

lumbar and para aortic nodes

92
Q

lymphatic drainage of the scrotum

A

superficial inguinal nodes

93
Q

where are the testes originally located in developement

A

posterior abdominal wall

94
Q

What is the scrotum

A

fibromuscular sac forming an expansion of the perineum

95
Q

vasculature of the scrotum

A

anterior and posterior scrotal arteries and scrotal veins

96
Q

function of the prostate

A

secretes proteolytic enzymes into the semen which breaks down clotting factors in ejaculation

97
Q

what lies posteriorly to the prostate

A

the ampulla of the rectum

98
Q

how do the enzymes leave the prostate

A

via the prostatic ducts which open into the prostatic urethra

99
Q

what are the three zones of the prostate

A

central, transitional and peripheral zone

100
Q

vasculature of the prostate

A

prostatic arteries- from the internal iliac artery

prostatic venous plexus into the internal iliac vein

101
Q

innervation of the prostate

A

by the inferior hypogastric plexus

102
Q

lymph drainage of the prostate

A

internal iliac and sacral nodes

103
Q

what are the 3 parts of the urethra

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

104
Q

what is the widest and narrows part of the urethra

A

widest- prostatic

narrowest-membranous

105
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands located

A

posterolateral to the membranous urethra and superiorly to the bulb of the penis

106
Q

into what part of the urethra do the bulbourethral glands empty

A

superior part of the spongy urethra

107
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands developed from embryollogically

A

urogenital sinus

108
Q

function of the bulbourethral glands

A

produce a mucus secretion containing glycoproteins

this acts as a lubrication for the penis
expels any residue of urine etc
helps neutralise acidity in the urethra

109
Q

Innervation fo the bulbourethral glands

A

Hypogastric and pudendal nerve

110
Q

lymphatic drainage of the bulbourethral glands

A

Drain to the internal and external iliac lymph nodes

111
Q

where are the seminal glands located

A

between the bladder and the rectum

112
Q

how do emissions from the seminal glands enter the urethra

A

seminal duct joins with the vas deferens forming the ejaculatory duct

113
Q

where does the ejaculatory duct enter the urethra

A

prostatic urethra

114
Q

what kind of mucosa lines the seminal vesicles

A

pseudo stratified columnar

115
Q

what is the embryological origin of the seminal vesicle

A

mesonephric ducts

116
Q

function of the seminal vesicles

A

They make components that make up semen

117
Q

vasculature of the seminal vesicles

A

branches of the internal iliac

118
Q

lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles

A

external and internal iliac lymph nodes

119
Q

what is the vulva

A

The female external genitalia

120
Q

functions of the vulva

A

Provides sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
Helps in micturition by directing the flow of urine
protects the internal reproductive tract from infection

121
Q

what is the mons pubis

A

subcutaneous fat pad located anterior to the pubic symphysis- formed by the fusion of the labia majora

122
Q

what are the labia majora embryologically derived from

A

labioscrotal swellings

123
Q

what are the labia minor embryologically derived from

A

urethral folds

124
Q

what is the hood of the clitoris

A

the place where the labia minora fuse

125
Q

what is the forchette

A

where the labia minor fuse posteriorly

126
Q

difference between labia majora and minora

A

minora is hairless majora has hair, minora is within the majora

127
Q

what is the vestibule

A

the area enclosed by the labia majora contains the vagina and urethra

128
Q

what is bartholins gland

A

gland that secretes lubricating mucous during arousal and are located on either side of the vaginal orifice

129
Q

what is the clitoris formed of?

A

erectile corpora cavernosa

130
Q

what was the clitoris embryologically derived from

A

genital tubercle

131
Q

vascular supply of the vulva

A

pudendal arteries

132
Q

venous drainage of the vulva

A

pudendal veins- labial veins can act as tributaries too

133
Q

lymph drainage of the vulva

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

134
Q

which nerves supply sensory innervation to the anterior vulva

A

ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

135
Q

which nerves supply sensory innervation to the posterior vulva

A

pudendal nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

136
Q

function of the vagina

A

sexual intercourse, child birth, menstruation

137
Q

what is found anterior to the vagina

A

bladder and urethra

138
Q

what is found posterior to the vagina

A

rectouterine pouch, rectum and anus

139
Q

what is found lateral to the vagina

A

ureters and levator ani muscle

140
Q

what are the fornices of the vagina

A

posterior and anterior fornix

141
Q

why is the posterior fornix important

A

acts as a natural reservoir for semen after ejaculation

142
Q

what 4 histological layers is the vagina composed of

A

stratified squamous epithelium
elastic lamina propria
fibromuscular layer
adventitia

143
Q

vascular supply of the vagina

A

uterine and vaginal arteries - both branches of the internal iliac artery

144
Q

lymphatic drainage of the vagina

A

superior - external iliac nodes
middle- internal iliac nodes
inferior- superficial inguinal nodes

145
Q

innervation of the vagina

A 
mainly autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic)  from the uterovaginal nerve plexus 
some somatic from the deep perineal nerve (pudendal nerve)
146
Q

what are the 2 sections of the cervix

A

ectocervix and endocervix

147
Q

what is the difference between the ectocervix and endocervix

A

ecto-portion of the cervix that opens into the vagina and is lined by stratified squamous non keratinising epithelium
endo- this is more proximal and lined by mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium

148
Q

vascular supply to the cervix

A

uterine artery

149
Q

venous supply to the cervix

A

plexus in the broad ligament that drains to uterine veins

150
Q

lymph drainage of the uterus

A

fundus of uterus- pre aortic
body- external iliac

cervix- internal iliac and sacral

151
Q

what are the 3 parts of the uterus

A

fundus
body
cervix

152
Q

where is the fungus located

A

the part of the uterus above the entrance of the uterine tubes

153
Q

what does anteverted mean

A

rotated forwards towards the anterior surface of the body

154
Q

what does ante flexed mean

A

flexed towards the anterior surface

155
Q

what are the 3 histological layers of the uterus

A

peritoneum
myometrium
endometrium - deep stratum basalis and superficial stratum functionalis

156
Q

what is the broad ligament

A

double layer of peritoneum that attaches the sides of the uterus to the pelvis

157
Q

where is the round ligament

A

extends from the uterine horns to the labia majora

158
Q

function of the round ligament

A

keeps the uterus anteverted

159
Q

function of the ovarian ligament

A

joins the ovaries to the uterus

160
Q

where is the cardinal ligament

A

found at the base of the broad ligament, extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls

161
Q

function of the cardinal ligament

A

contains the uterine artery and vein and provides support to the uterus

162
Q

what is another name for the cardinal ligament

A

transverse cervical ligament

163
Q

where is the uterosacral ligament

A

extends from the cervix to the sacrum

164
Q

vascular, venous and lymph supply of the uterus

A

same as the cervix

165
Q

innervation of the uterus

A

sympathetic from the uterovaginal plexus and inferior hypogastric plexus
parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerves

166
Q

root values of the pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

S2-4

167
Q

what are the 2 histological layers in the uterine tubes and why are they important

A

inner mucosa- lined with ciliated epithelial cells and peg cells which waft the ovum towards the uterus
smooth muscle layer contracts to assist with that movement

168
Q

what are the 4 parts of the Fallopian tubes

A

fimbrae
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus

169
Q

what is the widest and narrowest section of the uterine tubes

A

narrowest- isthmus

widest- ampulla

170
Q

vascular supply to the uterine tubes

A

ovarian and uterine artery and veins

171
Q

lymphatic drainage of the uterine tubes

A

sacral, aortic, iliac, nodes

172
Q

innervation of the uterine tubes

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic from the uterine and ovarian plexuses
sensory fibres run from T11-L1

173
Q

how are ovaries attached to the broad ligament

A

attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by the mesovarium

174
Q

main functions of the ovaries

A

produce oocytes

produce sex hormones Ie LH and FSH

175
Q

what is the histological structure of the surface of the ovary

A

formed by simple cuboidal epithelium

underlying this is a dense connective tissue capsule

176
Q

what is the cortex of the ovary composed of

A

connective tissue storm and many ovarian follicles each containing an oocyte

177
Q

what Is the medulla of the ovary

A

formed by a loose connective tissue and rich neurovascular network that enters the hilum of the ovary

178
Q

what 2 ligaments attach to the ovary

A

suspensory ligaments and ovarian ligament

179
Q

where does the suspensory ligament attach

A

ovary to the pelvic wall

180
Q

what is the vascular supply of the ovary

A

ovarian artery

181
Q

where do the ovarian arteries come from

A

Branch from the abdominal aorta just below the renal arteries

182
Q

venous supply of the ovaries and where does it drain to

A

ovarian veins
left- left renal vein
right- IVC

183
Q

innervation of the ovaries

A

from uterine and ovarian plexuses

184
Q

how do the nerves reach the ovary

A

travel along the suspensory ligaments to enter at the hilum of the ovary w

185
Q

where does the lymph from the ovaries drain to

A

para-aortic nodes

186
Q

what are the 3 regions that the broad ligament can be divided into

A

mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx

187
Q

what ligaments are located within the broad ligament

A

round
suspensory
ovarian

188
Q

where is the spermatic cord formed

A

Opening of the inguinal canal

189
Q

what are the 3 fascial coverings of the spermatic cord and where are they derived from

A

external spermatic fascia- from the deep subcutaneous fasciae
cremaster muscle and fascia- from internal oblique
internal spermatic fascia - from the transversals fascia

190
Q

what is the superficial fascia near the spermatic cord

A

it lies just underneath the skin of the scrotum and covers the 3 fascia of the spermatic cord

191
Q

what kind of muscle is cremaster muscle

A

striated muscle

192
Q

what are the contents of the spermatic cord

A

blood vessels: testicular artery, cremaster artery and vein, artery to the vas deferens, pampiniform plexus
Nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
autonomic nerve
Structures: vas deferens , processus vaginalis, lymph vessels

193
Q

what supplies the cremaster muscle

A

genital branch of the Genitofemoral nerve

194
Q

what are the 3 muscle layers found in the vas deferens histologically

A

inner layer- longitudinal smooth muscle
intermediate layer- circular smooth muscle
outer layer- longitudinal smooth muscle

195
Q

what is the anatomical course of the vas deferens

A

continues with the tail of the epididymus before travelling through the inguinal canal then moves down the lateral pelvic wall (close to the ischial spine) medially to pass between the bladder and the ureter then down the posterior part of the bladder.
the ampulla then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

196
Q

motor functions of the pudendal nerve

A

external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter

pelvic muscles- perineum (bulbospongiosis, ischiocavernosis) pelvic floor (levator ani)

197
Q

sensation function of the pudendal nerve

A

supplies sensation to the external genitalia- perineal skin, lower third of anal canal, labia majora and minora, scrotum, penis and clitoris

198
Q

what are the two remenants of the gubernaculum

A

Ovarian ligament and the round ligament

199
Q

what kind of innervation causes erections?

A

parasympathetic

200
Q

Innervation of the vulva including types of fibres

A

Somatic (sensory) and parasympathetic
anterior vulva- ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral
Posterior- pudendal nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

201
Q

what kind of nerve fibres supply the uterus

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

202
Q

what kind of nerve fibres supply the fallopian tubes

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

203
Q

what kind of nerve fibres supply the ovaries

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

204
Q

What kind of nerve fibres supply the penis and what is their function

A

somatic (sensory ) fibres, sympathetic innervation to the skin
Parasympathetic causes erection

205
Q

what kind of nerve fibres supply the testes

A

sensory (somatic) and autonomic

206
Q

what kind of nerve fibres supply the prostate

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic (sensory?)

207
Q

what kind of nerve fibres supply the seminal vesicle

A

mainly sympathetic

Anatomy (9 decks)

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