Respiratory System Flashcards
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gas between alveolus and blood
What is breathing?
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is internal respiration?
Exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid
What is cellular respiration?
Production of ATP using oxygen in the mitochondrion
What are the functions of the pleura membrane?
- seals the pleural cavity
- maintains negative pressure around lungs, keeping them from collapsing
- reduces friction
To cause inhalation, the pressure in the lungs must be ______.
Reduced
To cause a reduced pressure in the lungs, the rib cage _______ while the diaphragm ________. These actions ________ the volume of the pleura cavity, which _______ the pressure there.
Lifts up and out
Contracts (moves down)
Increase
Decreases
In response to decreased pressure in the chest cavity, what do the lungs do?
Increase volume -expand-decrease pressure= air rushing in.
_______ in the alveolar wall send a message to the ________ to inhibit nerve impulses to the diaphragm.
Stretch receptors
Medulla oblongata
At the body cells _____ diffuses into the RBC starting a series of reactions.
Carbon dioxide.
What are the reactions started by CO2 entering the RBC?
1) CO2 + H2O –CA–> H2CO2 —> H+ + HCO3-
2) HbO2 -> Hb + O2
3) Hb + H+ –> HHb (buffer)
4) Hb + CO2 –> HbCO2
At the lungs the reactions proceed in the opposite direction, 3 reasons why?
1) cooler
2) less acidic
3) more concentrated O2
20% of carbon dioxide is carried in blood as ______, 10% as _____, and 70% as _____.
HbCO2
Dissolved CO2 in plasma
HCO3-
The lungs continue to open on inhalation until_____ in the alveolar walls send an impulse to the respiratory center in the _________ inhibiting its action.
Stretch receptors
Medulla oblongata
Once the medulla inhibits inhalation, the _______ relaxes and moves up and the _______ relax dropping the ______ which ______ the volume of the chest cavity
Diaphragm
Intercostals
Rib cage
Decreases
When the volume of the chest cavity decreases, the lung volume _______ which ______ the pressure causing air to ______.
Decreases
Increases
Rush out
In external respiration, ________ diffuses from the _______ into the _______ and is carried to the body cells.
Oxygen (O2)
Alveoli
Capillary (RBC carrier)
In external respiration reactions, ______ ions in the plasma diffuse into RBC joining with ______ to produce ________. Then the enzyme _______ causes it to dissociate into _______________.
HCO3- H+ H2CO3 (*carbonic acid*) Carbonic anhydrase (CA) H2O and CO2
______ and _____ have the greatest effect on breathing rate. When oxygen level is low in blood _______ in aorta and carotid arteries detect and tell _________ which turns on the __________ nervous system, which ________ the breathing rate.
Carbon dioxide Lactic acid (H+) Chemoreceptors Respiratory center in medulla Sympathetic Increases
If the oxygen level remains low for long periods of time, the ______ detects it and releases ______ which tells the bone marrow to increase RBC production. This is known as _________.
Kidney
EPO (erythropoietin)
Acclimatization
What is Hb?
Hemoglobin
What is HbO2?
Oxyhemoglobin
What is HbCO2?
Carbaminohemoglobin
What is HHb?
Reduced hemoglobin
