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Biology 12 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Pouch of skin that encloses testes and maintains temperature so that sperm can be produced.

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1
Q

What is the function of the testes? Seminiferous tubules? Interstitial cells?

A

Testis produce sperm and the male sex hormone.
Seminiferous tubules has cells undergoing spermatogenesis
Interstitial cells secrete testosterone

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2
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Ducts where sperm mature and some are stored

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3
Q

Function of the vas deferens?

A

Conduct and store sperm

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4
Q

Function of the Cowper’s gland?

A

Contribute mucoid fluid to semen

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5
Q

Function of seminal vesicles?

A

Contribute nutrients and fluid to semen

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6
Q

Function of prostate gland?

A

Contributes basic fluid to semen to neutralize the vagina.

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7
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Organ of sexual intercourse

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8
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Conduct sperm

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9
Q

What is path sperm takes to the urethral opening,

A

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, urethra.

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10
Q

What are the components of seminal fluid?

A

Slightly basic to neutralize vagina

Contains fructose, mucus, water, and prostaglandins.

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11
Q

what are the parts or sperm?

A

Acrosome- contains enzymes needed to penetrate egg
Head- contains nucleus
Middle piece- contain mitochondria
Tail- same as flagellum

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12
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Main sex hormone in males
Essential for normal development and functioning of reproductive organs.
Responsible for make secondary sex characteristics.

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13
Q

What happens when the male body had low inhibin?

A

Hypothalamus detects and releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH. FSH causes seminiferous tubules to secrete inhibin and produce more sperm.

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14
Q

What is a spermatocyte?

A

a male gametocyte that develops into four spermatids

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15
Q

Spermatid?

A

an immature gamete produced by a spermatocyte; develops into a spermatozoon

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16
Q

Spermatozoa?

A

Mature sperm. Had acrosome, head, middle piece and tail.

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17
Q

What happens when a male has low testosterone?

A

The hypothalamus detects, releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release LH. LH causes interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.

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18
Q

What does LH do in the male?

A

Stimulates production of testosterone

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19
Q

What does FSH do in the male?

A

Stimulates sperm production

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20
Q

What is the function of the ovaries? Follicles? Corpus luteum?

A

Ovaries Produce female gametes and sex hormone
Follicles are structures produced in ovary, they are a source of estrogen
Corpus luteum develops from follicle and secretes hormones

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21
Q

What is the function of the Fallopian tubes(oviducts)?

A

Conduct the egg to the uterus. Where fertilization occurs

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22
Q

Function of uterus, endometrium and cervix?

A

Uterus- houses developing fetus
Endometrium- lining of uterus. Participates in formation of placenta
Cervix- opening to uterus

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23
Q

Function or vagina?

A

Receives penis during sexual intercourse

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24
Q

Functions of estrogen and progesterone?

A

Estrogen is the female sex hormone and stimulates the secondary sex characteristics and building of endometrium
Progesterone is the pregnancy hormone, stimulates the maturation of the endometrium

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25
Q

What is the name of the ligaments that hold the ovaries in place?

A

Ovarian and suspensory ligaments

26
Q

What is the principal function of the ovaries?

A

Produce eggs- female gametes

27
Q

Define follicle

A

Structure produced in the ovary is a source of estrogen

28
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

undeveloped egg.

29
Q

What is the graafian follicle?

A

mature follicle from which the egg is ready to be released

30
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Release of an egg from the ovary

31
Q

After ovulation what happens to the follicle?

A

Begin to grow and form the corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone

32
Q

What is the source of progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

33
Q

Describe what happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is fertilized

A

Persists as a source of hormones for up to six months

34
Q

What happens to the corpus Luteum if the egg is not fertilized

A

reabsorbed and ceases hormone production after about 10 days.

35
Q

Name two ways in which passage of the egg along the oviduct is aided

A

Fimbria sweeps across surface of ovary and pick up the egg
Cilia beat to help draw egg
Peristaltic contractions

36
Q

Where does the fetus grow and develop?

A

The uterus

37
Q

Name three characteristics that estrogen produces

A
  • Accumulation of body fat under the skin
  • Breast development
  • Menstrual cycle
38
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle and the days they occur on?

A
  • The follicular phase days 1 to 13 it is the follicle maturing in the ovary
  • Luteal phase days of 15 to 28 the corpus Luteum develops and secretes hormones
39
Q

What occurs between the two phases and what triggers it?

A

Ovulation which is triggered by the surge of LH caused by an increase in estrogen Follicle ruptures, egg is released

40
Q

When menstruation occurs during days 1 to 5 what is happening in the ovarian cycle?

A

The decrease in Estacion and progesterone the hypothalamus releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH and the follicle develops

41
Q

What effect does estrogen have on the endometrium during the follicular phase?

A

Causes endometrium to thicken and develop rich blood supply

42
Q

During the luteal phase why does the corpus luteum usually begin to degenerate?

A

Estrogen and progesterone slowly turnoff LH. reduced LH and FSH hormones causes the corpus luteum to degenerate

43
Q

What does HCG mean and where does it come from?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin. From chorion cells around the zygote

44
Q

What effect does HCG have on female reproduction?

A

Causes maintenance of corpus luteum- to continue producing estrogen and progesterone

45
Q

How does the placenta develop and what does it do?

A

Formed from fetal and maternal tissue it takes over the production of HCG, progesterone and estrogen. It is for nutrient and gas exchange and inhibits follicular development

46
Q

When there is a low level of_____and_____hormones, the lining of endometrium is lost.

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

47
Q

The first day of bleeding is day_of the next cycle.

A

1

48
Q

In response to low levels of estrogen and progesterone, the______releases the hormone____which starts the follicle developing

A 
Anterior pituitary (stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus) 
FSH
49
Q

As the follicle and the____contained in it mature the hormone_____is released which starts the____developing a rich blood supply this is known as____

A

Ovum
Estrogen
Endometrium
Vascularization

50
Q

When estrogen levels are high,____and_____are released._____Is responsible for ovulation as well as changing the ruptured____into the______which acts as the endocrine gland producing_______and______(the pregnancy hormone)

A 
LH
FSH
LH
Follicle
Corpus luteum
Estrogen
Progesterone
51
Q

Estrogen and progesterone maintain the_____. The high levels of these two hormones causes a decrease in the hormone_____. Without this hormone, the_____cannot be maintained and degenerates and stops releasing it’s hormones.

A

Endometrium
LH
Corpus luteum

52
Q

If implantation occurs, the____must be maintained and the____cannot be allowed to degenerate.To stop this the inner membrane, the ______ releases the hormone ____ which maintains the _____ so it can produce ____

A 
Endometrium
Corpus luteum
Chorion or zygote
HCG
Corpus luteum
Estrogen and progesterone
53
Q

After _____ months, the ______ is developed enough to secrete its own _____ and ______.

A

2-3
Placenta
Estrogen
Progesterone

54
Q

In males,_____ causes the production of sperm and inhibin in the ______ and the hormone _____ causes the production or ______ by the _______.

A 
FSH
Seminiferous tubules
LH
Testosterone
Interstitial cells in testes
55
Q

What happens when there is low levels of estrogen and progesterone?(positive feedback loop)

A

Hypothalamus detects, releases GnRH causing the anterior pituitary to release FSH which causes the follicle in ovary to mature

56
Q

What happens when there are high levels of estrogen in the blood (positive feedback loop)

A

Hypothalamus detects and releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to LH

57
Q

What happens when there is high FSH? (Negative FB loop)

A

Causes Follicle developing in ovary to release estrogen which decreases FSH levels

58
Q

High LH? (Negative FB loop)

A

Causes follicle to rupture- ovulation- release of egg day 14 -> forms corpus luteum- estrogen and progesterone released

59
Q

What happens when the egg is fertilized?

A

Zygote implants in endometrium of uterus- chorion cells around zygote release HCG- act like LH maintaining corpus luteum - releases estrogen/ progesterone to maintain endometrium

60
Q

What are days 6-13 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Proliferative phase

61
Q

What is the proliferator phase?

A

Days 6-13

Vascular and glandular due to estrogen produced by follicle

62
Q

What are days 15-28 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Secretory phase

63
Q

What is the secretory phase?

A

Increase vascularization
Glands secrete mucus
-due to increased estrogen and progesterone

Biology 12 (15 decks)

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