Reproductive System Flashcards by echo quinton

What is the function of the scrotum?

Pouch of skin that encloses testes and maintains temperature so that sperm can be produced.

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What is the function of the testes? Seminiferous tubules? Interstitial cells?

Testis produce sperm and the male sex hormone.
Seminiferous tubules has cells undergoing spermatogenesis
Interstitial cells secrete testosterone

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What is the function of the epididymis?

Ducts where sperm mature and some are stored

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Function of the vas deferens?

Conduct and store sperm

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Function of the Cowper’s gland?

Contribute mucoid fluid to semen

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Function of seminal vesicles?

Contribute nutrients and fluid to semen

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Function of prostate gland?

Contributes basic fluid to semen to neutralize the vagina.

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What is the function of the penis?

Organ of sexual intercourse

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What is the function of the urethra?

Conduct sperm

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What is path sperm takes to the urethral opening,

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, urethra.

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What are the components of seminal fluid?

Slightly basic to neutralize vagina

Contains fructose, mucus, water, and prostaglandins.

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what are the parts or sperm?

Acrosome- contains enzymes needed to penetrate egg
Head- contains nucleus
Middle piece- contain mitochondria
Tail- same as flagellum

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What is the function of testosterone?

Main sex hormone in males
Essential for normal development and functioning of reproductive organs.
Responsible for make secondary sex characteristics.

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What happens when the male body had low inhibin?

Hypothalamus detects and releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH. FSH causes seminiferous tubules to secrete inhibin and produce more sperm.

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What is a spermatocyte?

a male gametocyte that develops into four spermatids

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Spermatid?

an immature gamete produced by a spermatocyte; develops into a spermatozoon

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Spermatozoa?

Mature sperm. Had acrosome, head, middle piece and tail.

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What happens when a male has low testosterone?

The hypothalamus detects, releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release LH. LH causes interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.

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What does LH do in the male?

Stimulates production of testosterone

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What does FSH do in the male?

Stimulates sperm production

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What is the function of the ovaries? Follicles? Corpus luteum?

Ovaries Produce female gametes and sex hormone
Follicles are structures produced in ovary, they are a source of estrogen
Corpus luteum develops from follicle and secretes hormones

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What is the function of the Fallopian tubes(oviducts)?

Conduct the egg to the uterus. Where fertilization occurs

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Function of uterus, endometrium and cervix?

Uterus- houses developing fetus
Endometrium- lining of uterus. Participates in formation of placenta
Cervix- opening to uterus

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Function or vagina?

Receives penis during sexual intercourse

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Functions of estrogen and progesterone?

Estrogen is the female sex hormone and stimulates the secondary sex characteristics and building of endometrium Progesterone is the pregnancy hormone, stimulates the maturation of the endometrium

What is the name of the ligaments that hold the ovaries in place?

Ovarian and suspensory ligaments

What is the principal function of the ovaries?

Produce eggs- female gametes

Define follicle

Structure produced in the ovary is a source of estrogen

What is an oocyte?

undeveloped egg.

What is the graafian follicle?

mature follicle from which the egg is ready to be released

What is ovulation?

Release of an egg from the ovary

After ovulation what happens to the follicle?

Begin to grow and form the corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone

What is the source of progesterone

Corpus luteum

Describe what happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is fertilized

Persists as a source of hormones for up to six months

What happens to the corpus Luteum if the egg is not fertilized

reabsorbed and ceases hormone production after about 10 days.

Name two ways in which passage of the egg along the oviduct is aided

Fimbria sweeps across surface of ovary and pick up the egg Cilia beat to help draw egg Peristaltic contractions

Where does the fetus grow and develop?

The uterus

Name three characteristics that estrogen produces

- Accumulation of body fat under the skin - Breast development - Menstrual cycle

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle and the days they occur on?

- The follicular phase days 1 to 13 it is the follicle maturing in the ovary - Luteal phase days of 15 to 28 the corpus Luteum develops and secretes hormones

What occurs between the two phases and what triggers it?

Ovulation which is triggered by the surge of LH caused by an increase in estrogen Follicle ruptures, egg is released

When menstruation occurs during days 1 to 5 what is happening in the ovarian cycle?

The decrease in Estacion and progesterone the hypothalamus releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH and the follicle develops

What effect does estrogen have on the endometrium during the follicular phase?

Causes endometrium to thicken and develop rich blood supply

During the luteal phase why does the corpus luteum usually begin to degenerate?

Estrogen and progesterone slowly turnoff LH. reduced LH and FSH hormones causes the corpus luteum to degenerate

What does HCG mean and where does it come from?

Human chorionic gonadotropin. From chorion cells around the zygote

What effect does HCG have on female reproduction?

Causes maintenance of corpus luteum- to continue producing estrogen and progesterone

How does the placenta develop and what does it do?

Formed from fetal and maternal tissue it takes over the production of HCG, progesterone and estrogen. It is for nutrient and gas exchange and inhibits follicular development

When there is a low level of_____and_____hormones, the lining of endometrium is lost.

Estrogen | Progesterone

The first day of bleeding is day_of the next cycle.

In response to low levels of estrogen and progesterone, the______releases the hormone____which starts the follicle developing

``` Anterior pituitary (stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus) FSH ```

As the follicle and the____contained in it mature the hormone_____is released which starts the____developing a rich blood supply this is known as____

Ovum Estrogen Endometrium Vascularization

When estrogen levels are high,____and_____are released._____Is responsible for ovulation as well as changing the ruptured____into the______which acts as the endocrine gland producing_______and______(the pregnancy hormone)

``` LH FSH LH Follicle Corpus luteum Estrogen Progesterone ```

Estrogen and progesterone maintain the_____. The high levels of these two hormones causes a decrease in the hormone_____. Without this hormone, the_____cannot be maintained and degenerates and stops releasing it's hormones.

Endometrium LH Corpus luteum

If implantation occurs, the____must be maintained and the____cannot be allowed to degenerate.To stop this the inner membrane, the ______ releases the hormone ____ which maintains the _____ so it can produce ____

``` Endometrium Corpus luteum Chorion or zygote HCG Corpus luteum Estrogen and progesterone ```

After _____ months, the ______ is developed enough to secrete its own _____ and ______.

2-3 Placenta Estrogen Progesterone

In males,_____ causes the production of sperm and inhibin in the ______ and the hormone _____ causes the production or ______ by the _______.

``` FSH Seminiferous tubules LH Testosterone Interstitial cells in testes ```

What happens when there is low levels of estrogen and progesterone?(positive feedback loop)

Hypothalamus detects, releases GnRH causing the anterior pituitary to release FSH which causes the follicle in ovary to mature

What happens when there are high levels of estrogen in the blood (positive feedback loop)

Hypothalamus detects and releases GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to LH

What happens when there is high FSH? (Negative FB loop)

Causes Follicle developing in ovary to release estrogen which decreases FSH levels

High LH? (Negative FB loop)

Causes follicle to rupture- ovulation- release of egg day 14 -> forms corpus luteum- estrogen and progesterone released

What happens when the egg is fertilized?

Zygote implants in endometrium of uterus- chorion cells around zygote release HCG- act like LH maintaining corpus luteum - releases estrogen/ progesterone to maintain endometrium

What are days 6-13 in the menstrual cycle?

Proliferative phase

What is the proliferator phase?

Days 6-13 | Vascular and glandular due to estrogen produced by follicle

What are days 15-28 in the menstrual cycle?

Secretory phase

What is the secretory phase?

Increase vascularization Glands secrete mucus -due to increased estrogen and progesterone