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Biology 12 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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0
Q

Identify & give the function for the tongue.

A

Taste buds or sensory receptors occur on the tongue, they are activated by the presence of food. Nerve impulses travel by the cranial nerves to the brain. The tongue is composed of skeletal muscle. Contractions change the shape. Exterior muscles enable movement.

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1
Q

Identify and give a function for the mouth

A

The mouth receives food & separates the nasal cavities from the oral cavities. Roof has 2 parts:

  • Anterior(front) hard palate-bones
  • posterior(back) soft palate-muscle
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2
Q

Identify and get a function for the teeth

A

The teeth chew food which is mechanical or physical digestion.

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3
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A

Glands that send saliva through ducts into the mouth. One Pair lies at the sides of the face immediately below and in front of the ears. Ducts open on inner cheek by the second Upper molar. One pair lies beneath the tongue and one pair but beneath the floor of the oral cavity

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4
Q

Salivary amylase?

A

Begins chemical digestion in the mouth. It digests amylose into maltose it works at a pH of seven

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5
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Recieves air from the nasal cavities and food from the mouth. It is a passageway. swallowing occurs here

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6
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The opening to the larynx(voice box)

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7
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Covers the glottis to prevent food from entering the trachea

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8
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Tube that passes through the thoracic cavity & diaphragm into abdominal cavity where it joins the stomach. Pushes bolus to the stomach.

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9
Q

What is bolus?

A

Chewed food from the mouth.

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10
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic contractions

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11
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Thick walled. Lies on the left side of the body.

  • stores food & aids in digestion
  • wall has many deep folds
  • muscular wall churns to mix food with gastric gases
  • mucosa has millions of gastric pits which lead to GASTRIC GLANDS (produce gastric juice-pepsin&HCl and mucus)
  • wall protected by mucus
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12
Q

Whats the Pyloric sphincter?

A

Sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum ** LITTLE BIT OF CHYME AT A TIME

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13
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first 25 cm of the small intestine. Ducts from the liver and pancreas join here (COMMON BILE DUCT) to deposit bile and pancreatic juices

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14
Q

What is the liver?

A

Removes poisonous substances from the blood. Keeps contents of blood constant. Removes & stores iron & the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, k, and B12. Makes plasma protein from AA.
-produces bile-emulsifies fat.

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15
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Stores excess bile

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16
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Secretes insulin and glycogen, hormones that help keep the blood glucose (sugar) levels within normal limits
EXOCRINE- all pancreatic juices

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17
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Receives bile from liver & pancreatic juice from the pancreas via the duodenum.

  • 6m long
  • INTESTINAL JUICES- peptidase and maltase pH 8
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18
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Vestigial structure that extends from the lower end of the cecum & that resembles a small pouch

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19
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

Also called colon. Begins with cecum and ends with rectum. Extracts moisture (water, salts, some vitamins) from food residues which are later excreted as feces. 1.5 m. E-coli

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20
Q

Rectum?

A

Terminal section of alimentary canal. 20cm- defacation

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21
Q

Where is salivary amylase produced? Site of action? Optimum pH?

A

Produced by salivary glands, site of action- mouth. Optimum pH- 7

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22
Q

Pancreatic amylase?

A

Produced by pancreas, site of action- small intestine

pH-8(basic)

23
Q

Lipase?

A

Produced by- pancreas
Site of action- small intestine
Optimum pH-basic

24
Q

Nuclease?

A

Produced-pancreas
SOA- small intestine
Optimum pH- basic

25
Q

Peptidase?

A

Produced-small intestine
SOA- small intestine
PH- basic

26
Q

Maltase?

A

Produced- small intestine
SOA-small intestine
PH basix

27
Q

Pepsin?

A

Produced-gastric glands
SOA-stomach
PH-acidic

28
Q

Nucleosatase?

A

Produced-small intestine
SOA-small intestine
PH- basic

29
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

Hydrochloric acid, mucin, pepsin, rennin, & lipase. Breaks down protein, acid kills bacteria.

30
Q

Pancreatic juice?

A

Breaks down starches, proteins, & fats. Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, & lipase

31
Q

Intestinal juices?

A

Breaks down fats.

32
Q

What is the source gland for insulin? What is the function of insulin?

A

Endocrine gland in the pancreas*

Regulates blood sugar and PROMOTES THE FORMATION OF GLYCOGEN

33
Q

What is the purpose of Bile?

A

Contains bile salts from cholesterol which emulsify fats by breaking it up into droplets creating more surface area which can be acted upon by an enzyme from the pancreas.

34
Q

List 6 major functions of the liver.

A
  1. Detoxifies blood by removing metabolizing poisonous substances
  2. Stores iron and fat soluble vitamins
  3. Stores glucose as glycogen after a meal and breaks down glycogen to glucose to maintain the glucose concentration of blood
  4. Produces urea after breaking down amino acids
  5. Removes bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin from the blood and excretes it in bile.
  6. Helps regulate blood cholesterol level
35
Q

Examine the small intestine and describe how it is specialized for digestion and absorption of nutrients

A

Has many folds which produce more surface area. VILLI.
Long; gland cells (enzymes and mucus); peristalsis; circular muscle; villi-1 cell thick; mitochondria(ATP); lacteals; capillaries.

36
Q

Identify the stimulus for release, gland, target and action of gastrin.

A 
Stimulus- protein
Gland- stomach wall
Target- gastric gland
Action- increases gastric juices(HCl & pepsin)
pH- 2-3
37
Q 
Identify the 
a) stimulus for release, 
b) gland,
c) target  
d) action
e) pH 
 of GIP (gastric inhibitor)
A 
A) polypeptides in the duodenum
B) duodenal wall
C) gastric glands
D) stops the release of gastrin
E) 2-3
38
Q 
Identify the 
a) stimulus for release, 
b) gland,
c) target  
d) action
e) pH 
Of CCK
A 
A) partially digested protein & fat
B) duodenal wall
C) pancreas 
D) increases pancreatic juices
E) 7.5- 8
39
Q 
Identify the 
a) stimulus for release, 
b) gland,
c) target  
d) action
e) pH 
Of secretin
A 
A) HCl in the chyme
B) duodenal wall
C) pancreas
D) increases pancreatic juices     (NaHCl3; amylase; trypsin; lipase)
E) 7.5-8
40
Q

When swallowing, the _______ covers the opening to the _____. The _____ takes food to the stomach, where ________ digestion is started. The products of digestion are absorbed into the cells of the ____ which are finger-like projections of the mucosal wall.

A 
Epiglottis
Larynx
Esophagus
Chemical
Villi
41
Q

The pancreas sends digestive juices through the _______(duct) to the _______ which is the first part of the small intestine. After eating, the liver stores glucose as _______. The fall bladder stores ______ a substance that _______ fat.

A 
Pancreatic duct
Duodenum 
Glycogen
Bile
Emulsifies
42
Q

What is the duct that takes bile and other enzymes from the liver?

A

The hepatic duct.

43
Q

What is the duct that takes bile from the gall bladder?

A

The cystic duct.

44
Q

What is the duct that joins the hepatic and the cystic ducts?

A

The common bile duct.

45
Q

In the mouth, salivary glands digest starch (amylose) into _____. Pancreatic juice contains _____ for digesting protein, _______ for digesting starch and ______ for digesting fat.

A

Maltose
Trypsin
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase

46
Q

Three main hormones play an important role indigestion. The hormone gastrin is produced by the _______, When the presence of____ Is detected. Gastrin enters the blood and increases the activity level of the _____. GIP or gastric inhibitory peptide, otherwise known as ________ works opposite the gastrin and is produced by the ______.

A 
Stomach(gastric glands) 
Protein
Gastric glands
Enterogasterone
Duodenal wall
47
Q

Cells of the duodenal wall also produce two other hormones. _____ and ______. Partially digested protein and fat in the duodenum stimulate the release of ____ and the presence of HCl acid stimulates the release of _____. These two hormones increase the output of secretions by these two accessory glands, the _____ and the _____

A 
CCK
Secretin
CCK
Secretin
Pancreas 
Liver
48
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

(Mucous membrane layer) a layer of epithelium supported by connective tissue and smooth muscle lines the lumen – central cavity – and contains glandular epithelial cells that secrete digestive enzymes and goblet cells that secrete mucus

49
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucus

50
Q

What do glandular epithelial cells secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes

51
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

A Broadband of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels and lies Beneath the mucosa. Lymph nodules, called the Pyers patches, are in the submucosa. Like the tonsils, they help protect us from disease.

52
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

(Smooth muscle layer) 2 layers of smooth muscle make up this section. The inner, circular layer encircles the gut; the outer, longitudinal layer lies in the same direction as the gut.

53
Q

How is food moved along the digestive tract?

A

Peristalsis by the smooth muscle.

54
Q

What is the serosa?

A

(Serous membrane layer). Most of the digestive tract has a serosa, a very thin, outermost layer of squamous epithelium supported by connective tissue. Secretes a serous fluid that keeps the outer surface of the intestines moist so that the organs of the abdominal cavity slide against one another.

55
Q

Describe intestine is structurally modified to carry out its function

A

Villi-increased Surface Area
Long-increased SA and more time
Glands-secrete enzymes & mucus
Muscles-circular(peristalsis); longitudinal (churning)

56
Q

How is the villi best adapted for absorption?

A
  • 1 cell thick
  • microvilli= increased surface area
  • lacteals= absorb fats
  • capillaries= absorb amino acids& sugars(glucose)

Biology 12 (15 decks)

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