Respiratory System Flashcards
how does respiratory tract know when to breath
sensory input: the pneumotaxic centre and apneustic centre of the pons receive signal from the chemo receptors, relay to medullary rhythmicity area and the cerebral cortex can override the automatic control of breathing
function include
external respiration
transport of gases by blood
internal respiration
regulation of respiration
2 divisions
upper and lower tracts
and accessory structures
upper tract
nasal, esophagus pharynx
lower
lungs, trachea, larynx, bronchial tree
muscles of inspiration
external intercostals
scalene
sternocleidomastoids
muscles of expiration
abdominal muscles and internal intercostals
cleft palate casues
genetic and non-genetic
what provides a large mucus-covered surface over which the air must travel in the nose
the turbinates
connects the upper and lower airways
pharynx
nasopharynx
top, closest to nose
oropharynx
by mouth
laryngopharynx
last bottom portion of the pharynx , right before getting to the larynx
accessory structures
oral cavities, rib cage and diaphragm
connects the larynx to the bronchi
trachea ( windpipe)
trachea
smooth muscle in which cartilage C rings are embedded
- connects the larynx to the bronchi
the brachial walls have ____ layers? what are they?
3 layers: epithelial, SM. and CT
- goblet and ciliated cells
pharynx
cone-shaped passage way leading the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and the larynx
the pharynx serves both ____ and _____ functions
digestive and respiratory
epiglottis
a flap that covers the passage of food from the lungs
larynx
called the voice box
- between the pharynx and the trachea
- pharynx splits into esophagus and the larynx
primary gas exchangers
alveoli
what are alveoli
bronchioles subdivided to form tiny tube called alveolar ducts, which end in clusters of alveoli called alveolar sacs
pores of kohn
discrete holes in the walls of adjacent alveoli
- provide for collateral ventilation ( ventilation of alveoli via pathways that bypass oral airways)
- may describe why diseases spreads quick in lungs
contraction of the diaphragm
inspiration
during inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure _____
decreases, so that air flows into the lungs
- diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing thoracic volume
gas / air will travel o area with _____ pressure?
lower
how is pressure gradient established in the lungs
thoracic cavity volume / size
expansion of the thorax and downward movement of diaphragm, decreases _____ pressure, leading to a decrease in _____ pressure
intra pleural pressure, alveolar pressure
in the jar and ballon model what does the space inside represent
the intrapleural space
surfactant
acts to decrease the attraction between water and molecules
- it is a lipoprotein
- on the surface of the alveolus
- they intersperse themselves between water molecules and therefore promote the expansion of the lungs
- if no there- water mols would clump together and shrink the alveolus
type 1 alveolar cells vs type 2
type 1 most abundant- gas exchange
type 2- produces surfactant
what factors determine the amount of O2 going into the blood
surface area (the total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane), respiratory volume, alveolar ventilation
structural factors that help facilities blood taking up oxygen
only a thing layer of blood goes through capilaries, so that each RBC comes in contact with O2, large SA, thin walls of alveoli and capillaries
negative feedback of respiration
high P CO2 is detected by chemoreceptors in brain and in heart, signal to efferent muscles to increase contractions
medullary rhythmicity center
sensors from the nervous system provide feedback to the medullary rhythmicity center
- influcened by changes in P o2, pCo2, and pH
a decrease in blood pH …
means less co2, stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors to slow breathing
emphysema
when walls of alveoli are torn and cannot be repaired- alveoli fuse into large air spaces
asthma
hyperinflation of alveoli, mucus and smooth muscle constriction –> restricted airway
cerebral cortex role in breathing
voluntary –> when doing yoga
increases or decreases strength of respiration
apneustic center
long deep breaths and control intesity and is inhibited by stretch receptors of pulmonary muscles
- stops over expansion of lungs
respiration
basal rate maintains by brain stem, but we can over ride this with cerebral cortex
pneumotaxic center
inhibit respiration
cause us to exhale
theses centres are controlled by
signals that monitor chemical composition of blood
- chemoreceptors in heart ad brain
medullary rhythmicity center
totally subconsciously
vRG- ventral rhythmic –> exhalation
dorsal–> inspiration
Phrenic nerve
stimulates diaphragm
VRG
exhalation
DRG
inhalation
skeletal muscle in diaphragm
allows us to control through cerebral cortex
where are chemoreceptors found?
aortic sinus and carotid bodies
is larynx part of lower or upper tract
lower
right side
3 lobes
left side
2 lobes
farther from trachea, you get more ___ and less____
more smooth muscle less cartilage
external intercostals for
inhalation, along with diaphragm
internal intercostals
exhalation
nose function
preconditioning air (warming the air and humidifying it)
- mucus
- protect lower tract
cleft patate
- neural tube defeat
- failure to close of palatial bone
- genetic and non-genetic forms
what can prevent cleft palate?
folic acid
turbinate in nose function
moistens air - creates turbulence
Eustachian tube
what gets block on airplane bc change in pressure
sound production
mainly the larynx but pharynx can help too
psedo-stratified epithelium in trachea
are ciliated and have lots of goblet cells
smokers cough
no cilia, so mucus production - wet cough
which cell form alveolar wall?
type 1 phnemocytes
increase in volume
decrease in pressure
2 pleural membranes
parietal in contact with the diaphragm
and the visceral one is inside
what causes intra pleural pressure
drop in parietal membrane attached to diaphragm, cause stretch, drop in intra pleural pressure
ballon represents
visceral pleural
if the pH drops it means?
co2 increases pH drops (acidity increases)
CO2 + h2O–> carbonic acid –> bicarbonate acid and H+
