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Mammalian Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

function of nervous system

A

control and communicate

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2
Q

components of the nervous system

A

brain, Spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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3
Q

how is the nervous system set up to detect signals?

A

subdivided into smaller systems by locations ( Central and Peripheral)
- wants to detect internal and external environments, evaluate information and initiate response

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4
Q

what is the CNS

A

structural and functional centre of entire nervous system

- brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what is PNS composed of

A

nerves that lie in the outer region

- cranial nerves nad spinal nerves

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6
Q

Somatic vs autonomic?

A

somatic control skeletal muscles (voluntary)

autonomic control involuntary muscles

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7
Q

afferent vs efferent divisions?

A

afferent division is incoming messages (arriving) from the visceral receptors and efferent is outgoing (exiting)

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8
Q

the autonomic nervous system efferent pathways are further divided into?

A

Sympathetic division

and parasympathetic

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9
Q

sympathetic

A

prepares body for fight or flight

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10
Q

parasympathetic

A

normal resting activities

- rest and repair

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11
Q

the distension of the stomach caused by the presence of food trigger the _______ to _________

A

parasympathetic, to increase secretion of gastric juice

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12
Q

Neurons vs Glial cells?

A

neurons- excitable cells that conduct impulses

glial cells- do not conduct info but support the function of neurons

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13
Q

glial cells- how many types in the CNS, how many in PNS?

A

do not conduct information, but support the function of neurons

  • there are 4 major types of glial in the CNS (astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes)
  • Schwann cells in the PNS
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14
Q

within the neutron what does axon transport look like?

A

cell body can make neurotransmitters, motor molecules move proteins on the cytoskeleton highway for the release at the synaptic knobs

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15
Q

Astrocytes?

A

star shaped and the largest and most numerous type of glial

  • connect to neurons and capillaries
  • transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons
  • form tight sheaths around brain capillaries, which, with tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells, constitute the blood- brain barrier (BBB)
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16
Q

what is purpose of the BBB

A

protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood stream while also allowing for supply of nutrients to the brain

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17
Q

how does the BBB protect the brain?

A

it strictly limits transport into the brain through both tight junctions and metabolic ( enzymes) barriers and a double barrier

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18
Q

what do astrocytes do for the BBB?

A

webs of astrocytes form tight sheets around the brains capillaries, this allows for a double barrier around the capillaries–> astrocyte feet and endothelial cells

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19
Q

conscious movements are controlled by?

A

somatic nervous system

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20
Q

how does sympathetic influence the liver and digestion/reproductive organs?

A

will “turn them off”/ decrease this activity as there are other priorities

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system and the heart

A

SA node ( pacemaker of the cell) when it receives Sympathetic stimulus–> increase heart rate

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22
Q

what can cross the BBB?

A

liposomes ( vesicle with a membrane composed of a PPL bilayer)
gases, lipid soluble, glucose and other harmful things as well

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23
Q

benefit of liposomes passing through the BBB

A

deliver drugs or genetic material into the cell

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24
Q

Microglia are _______ of the brain

A

macrophages of the brain
-small, usually stationary cells
act as scavengers (modified immune cells)

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25
Q

what cannot diffuse the BBB?

A

water soluble, need specialized transporter

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26
Q

Ependymal cells

Ep-i-dime-al

A
  • create barriers (protection) between compartments and are sources of neural stem cells
    resemble epithelial cells and form thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities ( cerebral-spinal fluid) in the CNS
  • some produce fluid others aid in circulation of fluid
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27
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • form myelin sheaths

are smaller than astrocytes

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28
Q

Multiple sclerosis is a disorder of _____

A

oligodendrocytes

  • most common disease od the CNS
  • myelin loss and destruction, exposed nerve fiber
  • plaque like lesions form
  • failure in nerve conduction
  • communication is impaired
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29
Q

Glial cells of the PNS (2)

A

Schwann cells and a subcategory of satellite cells

30
Q

Schwann cells

A

found only in the PNS (they can be thought of as the functional equivalent of the oligodendrocyte)
- support nerve fibres and in some cases form myelin sheath

31
Q

Satellite cells

A

are another type of Schwann cell that cover and support neutron cells in the PNS BUT they do NOT form myelin sheath

32
Q

grey fibres vs white fibres?

A 
grey= Schwann cells not forming myelin sheath yet still supporting a bundle of nerves
white= Schwann forming myelin sheath
33
Q

Myelin sheath consist of ?

A

many layers of Ppl and cell membranes
it wraps around an axon
the Schwann cell nucleus is not included

34
Q

summation zone of a neutron is characterized by?

A

axon hillock which serves as the site where the nerve impulses combine and may trigger an action potential to be conducted along the axon

35
Q

the functional region where the axon has many voltage gated channels ?

A

Conduction zone

36
Q

the functional region where the synaptic knob of the axon is located?

A

Output zone

37
Q

the functional region of the axon where the axon hillock is located?

A

Summation zone

38
Q

afferent neurons conduct

A

incoming sensory impulses that go to brain or/and spinal cord
(Afferent arrives, Efferent Exists)

39
Q

efferent conduct?

A

impulses away from the brain and spinal cord toward muscles (outgoing impulses)

40
Q

Interneurons lie only in the?

A

CNS and they conduct impulses from afferent to motor neurons

41
Q

what is the difference between nerves and tracts?

A

Nerves belong to PNS whereas Tracts belong to the CNS

  • they are both bundles of nerve fibres ( bundles of axons)
42
Q

why is nerve damage irreversible?

A

mature neurons are incapable of cell division

43
Q

the interior of the cell is pos or neg compared tot he outside in nerve cells?

A

negative about -70 mV

44
Q

what cation is a primary determinant of RMP?

A

sodium

- actively transported out of cell to create a concentration gradient with interior more negative

45
Q

sodium/ pump role in RMP

A

pumps 3 NA+ out but only 2 K+ in

46
Q

in depolarization the membrane potential becomes ?

A

less negative

47
Q

in hyper-polarization the membrane potential becomes?

A

even more negative

48
Q

what can cross the BBB? what cannot?

A

can- lipid soluble

can’t-water soluble (unless has a specialized carrier

49
Q

which 2 CNS can be a source of neural stem cell?

A

Astrocytes and ependymal

50
Q

Schwann cells are found only in?

A

PNS

51
Q

Schwann cells in the PNS are comparable to ______ in the CNS in function

A

oligodendrocyte

52
Q

another type of cell that covers and supports neutron cells bodies in the PNS

A

Satellite cells ( type of Schwann )

53
Q

epineurium

A

surround the nerve

54
Q

perineurium

A

surround the fascicle of axons

55
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds each individual axon within a fascicle

  • fascicle surrounded by perineurium
  • epineurium surrounds the whole thing
56
Q

gated channels can be?

A

voltage gated, chemical gated, mechanically gated

57
Q

action potenical is a change in?

A

RMP

58
Q

threshold potencial

A

the min magnitude of a voltage fluctuation that will trigger the opening of a voltage gated channel

59
Q

stimulus of a neuron can fluctuate _____ or _____ RMP

A

above or below

60
Q

excitation of a neuron occurs when a stimulus?

A

trigger the opening of additional Na+ channels–> more Na+ to move INSIDE depolarization (more toward zero)

61
Q

inhibition of a neuron

A

addition of K+ channels allows K+ to diffuse OUTSIDE ( with gradient)
this results in hyper polarization - more negative

62
Q

after the action potenicial peaks, how does the membrane go back to RMP?

A

opening K+ channels, allowing outward diffusion of K+= depolarization

63
Q

what does refractory period ensure that?

A

action potential never goes backwards

64
Q

how many neurotransmitters?

A

30 known

65
Q

the function of the neurotransmitter is determined by?

A

the postsynaptic receptor

66
Q

excitatory its

A

release neurotransmitters

67
Q

inhibitory nts

A

inhibit release of neurotransmitters

68
Q

neurotransmitter action is terminated by?

A

enzymes

re-uptake

69
Q

acetylcholine is recycled, discribe the process

A

acetylcholine esterase breaks down into choline and acetate

70
Q

temporal

A

same stimulus but within a critical time - back to back

- same person running with one bucket back and forth to fill a bathtub

71
Q

spacial

A

all at the same time but different sources

- five people all dump five buckets of water into a bathtub at the same time

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

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