Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of the immune system

A

lymphoid tissue
chemical signals
immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pathologies ( cause or effect of a disease)

A
  • incorrect respsonse–> autoimmune
  • overactive imune response- allergies
  • lack of immune response- immunodefiicency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is sebum, swear urine and gastric juice chemical or physical barriers?

A

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells, NK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

NK are apart of innate or adaptive immunity?

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

components of innate

A

complement proteins, NK, phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary lymphoid tissues

A

thymus and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is thymus’s role in immunity?

A

It is a endocrine gland responsible for the maturation of T cells by release of peptide hormones: thymosin, thymopoietin and thymulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is special/unique about the thymus?

A

it is larger in children, then shrinks in adulthood

- during development cells that would be self-reactive are eliminated, and replaced with fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues (encapsulated)

A

spleen

lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

lymphoid nodules

  • loose connective tissue with densely packed lymphocytes (B,T cell and NK)
  • no fibrous capsule
  • found beneath epithelial lining of organs that have direct contact with outside world ( need lots of protection) such as urinary tract, responsible, digestive tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is lymph contain? how does it differ from blood?

A
  • clear white fluid. no RBC. has proteins, salts, glucose, WBC
  • comes from interstitial fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is lymph picked up ?

A

leaky blood capillaries, fluid leaks out becoming interstitial fluid, lower pressure in lymph capillaries so leaks into there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how much lymph flows per day?

A

3.6 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what forces fluid out of capillary?

A

a great capillary hydrostatic pressure than blood osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what allows for reabsorption of fluid into blood cap?

A

a great blood osmotic pressure than CHP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are interferons

A

chemical released from infected cell to warn nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of the spleen in immunity?

A

filter for blood as lymphoid tissue

- red blood cell clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what class of formed elements mediate immunity in blood

A

WBC/leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

basophils and mast cells

A

release chemicals for inflammation and allergy response (ex. histamine and heparin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neutrophils

A

ingest and destroy invaders

  • first responder
  • most abundant
  • phagocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Eosinophils

A

1-3%

  • destroy antibody coated parasites
  • protect against bacteria and parasites mainly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

APC

A

macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

NK cells

A

release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells

  • induce apotheosis
  • attack tumor cells
  • secrete interferons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in order to phagocytos a pathogen with a capsule it must?

A

have antibody molecules on it, in order for phagocyte to recognize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where are immature dendritic cells found

A

peripheral tissues, migrate in lymph vessels to lymph nodes and mature ones present their antigen to naive T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

interferon alpha nd beta do what

A

prevent viral replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

interferon gamma does what

A

activates macrophages and other immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

steps in inflammation

A

cytokines released
triggers acute phase proteins to be made in liver and histamine release from mast cells
- histamine casques vasodilation and caps to become more permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

chemotaxins

A

attract phagocytes to site of. infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

opsonins

A

coat pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pyrogens

A

fever-producing substances

33
Q

acquired immunity

A

responses to and targets a specific foreign molecule called an antigen

34
Q

80% of circulating lymphocytes are

A

T cells

35
Q

types of T cells

A

cytotoxic
helper
suppressor- keep immune system from becoming over active
memory

36
Q

10-15% of circulating lymphocytes are

A

B cells

37
Q

NK

A

5-10% circulating lymphocytes

  • immunological surveillance
  • attack foreign cells
  • part of innate immunity
38
Q

lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow give rise to

A

NK, B cells

- the lymphoid stem cell travels to thymus to mature with thyme hormones

39
Q

Naive lymphocytes have not yet been …

A

stimulated by antigen

- once stimulated= clonal expansion

40
Q

what happens during clonal expansion

A

Naive lymphocyte gets stimulated–> rapidly replicates–> some turning into effector cells ( plasma, helper, cytotoxic T cells) some become memory cells

41
Q

Humoral immunity (B cells)

A

called this because “humour” = body fluid and it involves substances found in the humors –> antibody related
- clonal expansion of B cells rest in plasma cells which each produce a specific antigen binding protein called an antibody

42
Q

antibodies are known was

A

gamma globulins

43
Q

how do the five classes of antigens vary

A

Fc region

44
Q

what is the most common antibody

A

IgG

45
Q

which one is involved in allergic response

A

IgE

46
Q

which one for primary response

A

IgM

47
Q

which one secretory form / plays role in mucus membranes

A

IgA

48
Q

function of antibodies

A
  • antigen binds to antibody
  • activates B lymphocyte which causes it to divid into plasma and memory cells
  • more antibodies secreted - act as opsonins- tagging antigens for phagocytosis and antigen clumping and inactivates antigen
  • activates antibody dependant activity
  • triggers mast cell to release granules
  • activates complement
49
Q

adaptive response is broken in two parts

A

humeral response and cellular response

50
Q

cell-mediated response

A

T helper cells gets activated by APC

  • releases cytokines to activate naive cytoxic T cell to turn into active cytotoxic T cells
  • or infected cel can trggernaive cytotoxic T cell to become activated through MHC antigen complexes
51
Q

T lymphocytes recognize antigens with ?

A
  • use contact dependant signalling
    MHC proteins
    ( which are found on all body cells and vary from one person to the next )
52
Q

how cytotoxic T lymphocytes are activated?

A

a cell with MHC antigen binds to T lymphocytes

- can kill it

53
Q

how do helper T cells become activated

A

bind to MHC-II APC and then secrete cytokine to activate other immune cells

54
Q

MHC 1

A

found on all nucleotide cells of the body

- recognized by NK and cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

MHC 11

A

found only on APC

- recognized by helper T cells

56
Q

importance of MHC

A

mark themselves as “self”

- so immune system will not attack

57
Q

can T cells detect antigen in blood, fluid and lymph?

A

no. they can only detect them when presented to them by B cells, dendritic cells or macrophages

58
Q

how so cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?

A

they release perforin to create holes in cells

and they stimulate apoptosis

59
Q

what causes cytotoxic T cells to bind to MHC-1 and not MHC-II?

A

cytotoxic T cells display CD8 which can bind to MHC I, whereas helper T cells display CD4 which are specific for MHC-II

60
Q

do helper T cell bind to B cells in order to get them to differentiate into Plasma cells?

A

yes need to bind

61
Q

are cytokines released in both innate and acquired?

A

yes

62
Q

immune response to extracellular bacteria from wound

A

bacteria activates complement proteins which 1. activate mast cells 2. make MAC to lyse bacteria 3. act as opsonins 4. act as chemotaxis which attract circulation WBC to come in and phagocytes bacteria –> present antigen on MHC-II to activate helper T cells to activate B cells to turn to plasma cells and secrete more antibodies
- lastly, plasma proteins ( antibodies, acute phase proteins) come to scene to help out as opsonins

63
Q

immune response to viruses

A

pre-existing antibodies act as opsonins, allowing macrophages to recognize them for phagocytosis–> present on MHC-II, recognized by helper T cell–> activates B cell to turn to plasma cells to secrete more antibodies.
Helper T cell also secretes cytokines which 1. activate cytotoxic T cells to become activated and release perforin to kill infected cells 2. are interferons that prevent more cells from getting infected ( up their defence)
- MHC-I on random infected cells can also activate cytotoxic T cells

64
Q

immune response to allergy (1st vs 2nd exposure )

A

an allergenic response is a inappropriate inflammation response to a harmless substance.
1st exposure: all dandy -allergen get engulfed by macrophages, presented on MHC-II, activates Helper T cell, which activates B cells to differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies and become memory cells
2nd exposure: not dandy- antigen enters, already have antibodies for ir, IgE on mast cells release histamine, IgG activates complement proteins and cytokine release all lead to inflammation

65
Q

MHC-II on B cells, dendritic ells and macrophages activates

A

helper T cells

66
Q

MHC-I on infected random ass cell activates

A

cytotoxic T cells

67
Q

why is an allergic reaction so fast?

A

because we already have the antibodies ready fro fast attack when allergen enters

68
Q

what happens n autoimmune diseases

A

antibodies are produced against normal body substances–> immune response (inflammation )

69
Q

graves disease

A

antibodies against TDH receptor on thyroid cells

70
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

antibodies produced against collagen

71
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

antibodies against myelin

72
Q

diabetes

A

antibodies against pancetic B cells

73
Q

what hypothesis describes why there is an increasing number of autoimmune and allergic diseases?

A

the hygiene hypothesis - resulting in a decreased number of infections

74
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T cells- MHC-I

75
Q

CD4

A

helper T cells- MHC-II

76
Q

IgE

A

allergy mediated antibody

77
Q

IgG

A

alwaysi first to appear

78
Q

IgA

A

all secretory

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions