Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

epididymus

A

where sperm go to mature and hang out before ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sertoli cells

A

somatic nurse cells

  • direct contact with germ cells as they become spermatids
  • keep them healthy and well nourished
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

spermatogonium what are they? how do we not run out of them?

A

precursor for mature sperm (germ cells)
- they undergo mitosis- one (primary spermatocyte) will continue on path to become a mature spermatid, while the other gets recycled and stays as a spermatogonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what occurs between spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte?

A

mitosis (identical )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what occurs between primary spermatocyte and secondary spermatocyte?

A

meiosis 1 (separation of homologous chromosomes)

goes from 2n to 1n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

between secondary spermatocyte and spermatid

A

meiosis II ( separation of sister chromatids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

spermiogenesis

A

between spermatid and spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FSH acts on _______ to stimulate _______

A

Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LH acts on________ to stimulate ________

A

Leydig cells, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

inhibin

A
  • secreted by gonads (Sertoli cells in males and granulose in females)
  • it acts to inhibit the secretion of FSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Androgen-binding protein (ABP) bound to test act to

A

stimulate spermagenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

doubling time oftestis tutors is

A

10-30 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 parts of the uterus

A

cervix and body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where does fertilization usually occur

A

ampulla or the ampulla/isthmus junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

top rounded part of the uterus

A

fundus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

meiosis 2 completes only if _______ occurs

A

fertilization

during ovulation, egg is haunted in meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what contains the developing oocyte

A

ovarian follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are ovaries

A

endocrine organs that secrete female sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

isthmus

A

part of tube that connects to the body of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

infundibulum

A

the end of the tube ( closest to the fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oviducts

A

are the fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can lead to an ectopic pregnancy

A

damaged cilia
inflammation
infection –> sexully transmitted disease- cue scaring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what layer scoffs off each month

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what type of epithelium cells in oviduct

A

simple columnar

- ciliated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

follicular stage

A

FSH acts on the primary follicle to produce estrogen which causes mitosis of granulose cells and follicle growth/maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Luteal stage/secretory phase/ corpus lute stage

A

corpus lute forms from the ruptured follicle

- luteinizing hormone from the pituitary stimulate the corpus letup to produce progesterone and estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does estrogen promote ? what secretes estrogen?

A

thickening of the uterine lining

- granulose cells in the follicle produce estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what keeps the pituitary from secreting more FSH ?

A

inhibit and the moderate levels of estrogen in the first half of cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why don’t we want more FSH ? why is there this negative feedback loop with inhibin

A

we only want one follicle to mature

FSH is what stimulates a follicle to mature and produce estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what causes a switch from neg feedback to positive feedback?

A

at a certain high level of estrogen, it switches to positive feedback, where high estrogen causes a spike in FSH and LH- this spike is the key to induce ovulation (day 14)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what can block the LH surge?

A

constant high levels of estrogen ( birth control pill ) therefor blocking ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the corpus luteal forms from the ?

A

ruptured follicle after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

LH from the pituitary stimulates??

A

the corpus luteal to produce estrogen and progesterone and for the remaining grandulosa cells to lutienize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do estrogen and progesterone promote in the luteal phase?

A

vascularization in preparation for implantation after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what happens if pregnancy occurs

A

the embryo produces the pregnancy recognition hormone HCG which maintains the CL and progesterone levels to prevent the return to the estrous cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what happens if no pregnancy occurs

A

the corpus luteal regresses and the inhibitory effect of progesterone, inhibit and estrogen is removed so the cycle restarts

37
Q

what does progesterone stimulate

A

blood vessels to supply the uterus, nutrients to the womb, prep for baby

38
Q

menses and proliferary phases in the uterus correspond to what ovarian phase

A

follicular

39
Q

where is the primary oocyte arrested in after birth

A

prophase of meiosis I –> first polar body is not used and secondary oocytes is produced ( haploid)

40
Q

once puberty starts where does primary oocyte start meiosis?

A

prophase I, then goes to almost the end of meiosis II

41
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin - binds to LH receptors on the CL to promote progesterone synthesis –> keep uterine walls thick and ensure CL doesn’t break down

42
Q

what takes over P and E production after pregnancy

A

placenta

43
Q

combined pill

A

synthetic estrogen and progestin –> keep estrogen high so no spike occurs to have LH surge-> no ovulation

44
Q

mini - pill

A

only progesterone

keeps uterus thick

45
Q

PCOS

A

endocrine disorder common cause of infertiliby
1/10 woman
follicules développe but do not rupture/ovulate –> cystic follicles

46
Q

how does PCOS affect metabolic function

A

elevated testosterone, abnormal FSH, LH

- more testosterone turning to DHT

47
Q

what stimulates contractions in the uterus?

A

prostaglandins in the seminal fluid

48
Q

what do sperm penetrate and then bind to

A

penetrate granulose cells and penetrate zona pellucid

49
Q

once sperm has entered?

A

MII is completed and second polar body is extruded and now called a zygote

50
Q

what happens once sperm binds to ZP

A

it releases acrosomal contents - proteases which permits its entry into the perivitelline space then to the egg

51
Q

what activates the egg?

A

Ca2+ rapidly rising to stimulate PLC

52
Q

hardening of what prevents other sprem from entering

A

zona pellucid

53
Q

optimal time for fertilization

A

24hours after ovulation

54
Q

what accounts for 61% of first trimester miscarages

A

aneuploidy ( increased risk with age)

55
Q

steps in fertilization

A
  1. cumulus interaction (granulose cells) 2. ZP interaction 3. adhesion to egg membrane 4. fusion with egg membrane 5. egg activation
56
Q

how many days to get to uterus

A

3-5 days

57
Q

what promotes entry of egg into uterus

A

increasing P from CL binds to smooth muscle cells in Fallopian tube to tell them to relax and let cell enter

58
Q

once enters the uterus morula is called

A

blastocyte

59
Q

morula

A

solid mass of cells formed from zygote- once it is 8 cells in size- takes 3 days

60
Q

blastocyte

A

once cells start to differentiate and it is in the uterus

61
Q

integrins on epitheliual

A

are present fro attachment in uterus

62
Q

when can you detect hcg levels

A

20-22 days

63
Q

what organs jobs does placenta fill for the fetus?

A

respiratory, excretory, endocrine

64
Q

what hormones does placenta excrete/produce

A

hCG–> tells CL to keep producing P and E, at about 4 months placenta takes over and secretes P and E

65
Q

how does blood transfer happen from mom to baby

A

fetal chorionic epithelium is bathed in maternal blood

66
Q

embryonic phase

A

fertilization until week 8

67
Q

fetal phase

A

8-39 weeks

68
Q

what maintains E and P in early pregnancy

A

high levels of hCg by placenta, telling CL to keep secreting them

69
Q

what prevents mensuration after pregnency

A

hCG

70
Q

stage one of labour

A

uterine contractions to cervical dilation

71
Q

stage 2 of labour

A

max dilation till baby exits

72
Q

stage 3 of labour

A

expulsion of the placenta through the vagina

73
Q

what normally block contractions

A

progesterone ( when labour comes, this drops)

74
Q

what hormones are released to stimulate labour

A
  1. fetal oxytocin
  2. fetal cortisol
  3. Prostoglandins
  4. maternal oxytocin
  5. prolactin
  6. relaxin
75
Q

cervical stretch increases

A

oxytocin from pituitary glans which increases contractions

- prostaglandin also increases contractions

76
Q

organochlorines

A

industrial, combustable, pesticides PCB, DDT, liposoluble and bioaccumulate and biomagnify

77
Q

Inuit consume ___ x more PDB than general canadiana

A

40X more

78
Q

how are organochlorines endocrine disruptors

A
  • estrogen receptor agonists
  • anti androgenic activities- prevent androgen synth ( male hormones such as testosterone)
  • bind aryl hydrocarbon receptor - modulates estrogen -dependent transcription
  • bind thyroid hormone
79
Q

mimics estrogen

A

BPA

80
Q

what year did canada ban BPA

A

2008

81
Q

BPA found in human blood at what concentration

A

0.2-9.2 ng/ml

82
Q

what is aryl hydrocarbon receptor

A

a TF that estrogen normally binds to but organochlorines and BPA can act as estrogen and promote expression of genes that estrogen normally does

83
Q

what is antiandrogenic activities

A

organochlorines can bind to androgen receptors and prevent the synth of androgens
- DDE is an example

84
Q

estrogen receptor agonists

A

organochlorines act as estrogen and bind to receptor eliciting estrogen response

85
Q

thyroid hormone binding protein

A

organochlorines bind to these proteins and lower levels of thyroid hormones in blood

86
Q

BPA has high affinity for

A

estrogen receptor Y

87
Q

does dietary folate in males matter

A

epimutation occurred
hyper or hypo methylation
lowered reproductive outcomes (less liver size, pregnancy rate, resorption rate) and development problems
increased post-implantation loss abnormalities in offspring in rates

88
Q

folate deficiency alters the paternal sperm ___

A

epigenome (hyper and hip methylated)

89
Q

folate acts as a methyl _____

A

donor

Mammalian Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions