Respiratory system

Question 1

Carbon monoxide... (1p)
A) binds weakly to the globin of the hemoglobin
B) binds to the heme of the hemoglobin
C) binds more strongly than oxygen does
D) both A & B
E) both B & C

Answer 1

E) both B & C

Question 2

The volume of air in a normal breath is called... (1p)
A) total lung capacity.
B) vital capacity.
C) tidal volume.
D) functional residual capacity.
E) residual volume.

Answer 2

C) tidal volume

Question 3

The inner layer of the articular capsule is a... 
A) fibrous membrane.
B) ligament.
C) articular membrane.
D) synovial membrane.
E) meniscus.

Answer 3

D) synovial membrane

Question 4

All of the following are normal changes that occur in the respiratory system during exercise EXCEPT… (1p)
A) blood flow to the lungs increases.
B) oxygen diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane increases.
C) less carbon dioxide is produced in the muscles.
D) breathing rate increases.
E) depth of ventilation increases.

Answer 4

C) less carbon dioxide is produced in the muscles.

Question 5

Approximately how much of the total CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate? (1p)
A) less than 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 70%
E) 90%

Answer 5

D) 70%

Question 6

The term for oxygen deficiency in tissues or cells is... (1p)
A) ischemia.
B) hypoxia.
C) hypocapnia.
D) anemia.
E) cyanosis.

Answer 6

B) hypoxia.

Question 7

What are the tree major steps of Respiration?

Answer 7

1. Ventilation - Moving air in and out of lungs
2. External respiration - Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
3. Internal respiration - Gas exchange between blood and cells

Question 8

What are the three main functions of the nose?

Answer 8

1. Filtering, warming and moistening incoming air
2. Detect olfactory stimuli (smell)
3. Modifying the vibrations of speech sounds

Question 9

Another word for ‘‘Pharynx’’

Answer 9

“throat”

Question 10

Which are the three main structures of the Nose?

Answer 10

1. External nares
2. Nasal cavity
3. Internal nares

Question 11

What is the structure of the pharynx?

Answer 11

Funnel-shaped(Trattformig tube from internal nares to larynx

Question 12

What is the three main regions of the Pharynx?

Answer 12

1. Nasopharynx; - Opening to nose, Adenoids and openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes (hörselgångar)
2. Middle: oropharynx; opening to mouth - Palatine and lingual tonsils are here
3. Lower: laryngeal pharynx - Connects with both esophagus(food tube) and larynx: food and air

Question 13

Another word for ‘‘auditory tubes’’

Answer 13

Eustachian

Question 14

What is the structure of the Larynx?

Answer 14

Mucous membrane of larynx forms two pairs of

folds.

Question 15

What is a Tracheostomy?

Answer 15

Tracheostomy: opening in

trachea for tube

Question 16

What is the trachea built of?

Answer 16

Lined with pseudostratified

ciliated mucous membrane

Question 17

Another word for ‘‘artificial

nose’’?

Answer 17

”Humidifier”=”artificial

nose”

Question 18

Name the 6 steps of the bronchial tree

Answer 18

Trachea ->
Main bronchi ->
Lobar bronchi ->
Segmental bronchi ->
Bronchioles ->
terminal bronchioles ->

Question 19

Name 2 specifications of the small branchioles

Answer 19

1. Have less cartilage, more
smooth muscle. In asthma,
these airways can close. 
2.  Can be bronchodilated by sympathetic nerves, epinephrine, or related
medications.

Question 20

What is the differens between right and left lung

Answer 20

Right lung has 3 lobes

Left lung has 2 lobes and cardiac notch

Question 21

The lungs are surrounded by — ?

Answer 21

surrounded by pleural membrane

Question 22

What is the outer layer of the lungs called?

Answer 22

Parietal pleura

Question 23

Which membrane surrounds the lungs?

Answer 23

Pleural membrane

Question 24

Broad bottom of lungs = —-; pointy top = —–

Answer 24

base, apex

Question 25

Alveoli is composed of three types of cells

Answer 25

Alveoli: composed of three types of cells
Type 1. Lined with thin alveolar cells (simple squamous);
sites of gas exchange
Type 2. Scattered surfactant-secreting cells. Surfactant:
- keeps alveoli from collapsing
- keeps alveoli from drying out)
Alveolar macrophages: “cleaners”

Question 26

Which are the order of substance between a Alveolus cell and Red blood cells

Answer 26

1. Red blood cells
2. Capillary endothelium
3. Capillary basement
4. Interstitial space
5. Epithelia basement membrane
6. Alveolar cell

Question 27

Volume and pressure are inversely related:

Answer 27

Volume and pressure are inversely related
As lung volume goes UP - alveolar pressure DOWN
As lung volume goes DOWN - alveolar pressure UP

INHALATION:
Contraction of diaphragm
lung volume UP , alveolar pressure DOWN so it is <
atmospheric pressure -> air enters lungs

Relaxation of diaphragm
lung volume DOWN, alveolar pressure DOWN so it is >
atmospheric pressure -> air leaves lungs

Question 28

What happens during Pneumothorax?

Answer 28

Pneumothorax= Lungkollaps
Vid en lungkollaps har det kommit in luft i lungsäcken, som omger lungan. Då faller själva lungan ihop helt eller delvis och du får svårt att andas. En mindre lungkollaps läker ofta av sig själv. En större lungkollaps behandlas på sjukhus.

Question 29

What is Tidal volume?

Answer 29

Volume moved in one

breath. Normal ~ 500 ml

Question 30

What is Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV) when measuring with a spirometer?

Answer 30

Volume of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume (TV).

Question 31

What is Expiratory reserve volume (IRV) when measuring with a spirometer?

Answer 31

Expiratory reserve volume (IRV) = volume of air

that can be exhaled beyond TV

Question 32

What is residual volume (RV) when measuring with a spirometer?

Answer 32

Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration

Question 33

Another word for deep breathing?

Answer 33

Diaphragmatic breathing: deep breathing

Question 34

How much is one atmospherepressure?

Answer 34

101,3 kPa =760 mmHg