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Medicine for engineers > Enocrine system > Flashcards

Enocrine system Flashcards

1
Q 
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are steroid hormones produced by the... (1p)
A) ovaries.
B) testis.
C) adrenal gland.
D) thyroid gland.
E) hypothalamus.
A

C) adrenal gland.

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2
Q 
All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT... (1p)
A) adrenal glands.
B) sweat glands.
C) parathyroid glands.
D) pineal gland.
E) pituitary gland.
A

B) sweat glands

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3
Q 
All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT... (1p)
A) adrenal glands.
B) sweat glands.
C) parathyroid glands.
D) pineal gland.
E) pituitary gland.
A

B) sweat glands.

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4
Q

Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?

A

It serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood.

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5
Q 
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that causes darkening of the skin is... (1p)
A) MSH.
B) FSH.
C) GH.
D) LH.
E) ACTH.
A

E) ACTH.

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6
Q 
All of the following are secretory products of exocrine glands EXCEPT... (1p)
A) mucus.
B) oil.
C) digestive enzymes.
D) hormones.
E) saliva.
A

D) hormones

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7
Q

What is Pituitary in Swedish?

A

Hypofysen

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8
Q

What is thyroid in Swedish?

A

sköldkörtel

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9
Q

What is adrenal in Swedish?

A

Binjurar

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10
Q

What is Thymus gland in Swedish?

A

Thymus

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11
Q

Which are the tree ways of signaling?

A
  1. Autocrine – the same cell receives the signal
    2.Paracrine – neighbouring cells receive the signal
  2. Endocrine – distant cells receive the signal via the
    blood stream
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12
Q

Which are the two types of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid-based hormones

2. Steroid hormones

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13
Q

Hormones circulate in the blood in two forms –

—– or —–

A

Bound: Steroids and thyroid hormone are bound to plasma proteins
Free: All others are free

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14
Q

Hormones are removed from the blood by: (3st)

A
  1. Degrading enzymes
  2. The kidneys
  3. Liver enzyme systems
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15
Q

Explain the four step of action of a lipid-soluble hormone

A

(intracellular receptor)

  1. Detaches from its transportprotein in the bloodstream. Diffuses from blood into cells.
  2. The hormon bindes to and activates receptors. Alters the gen expression: turns it on or of
  3. Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins and ribosomes.
  4. New proteins alter cells’s activity
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16
Q

Explain the four step of action of a water- hormone

A

Receptor located on the cell membrane

  1. A water-soluble hormone diffuses from the blood and binds to its receptor in a target cell’s plasma membrane
  2. As a result of the binding, a reaction starts inside the cell that converts ATP to AMP
  3. Cyclic AMP(rest) causes the activation of several proteins (such as enzymes)
  4. Activated proteins cause reactions that produce physological responses.
  5. For a brief time the cAMP is inactivated
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17
Q

Target cell activation depends on three factors

A
  1. Blood levels of the hormone
  2. Relative number of receptors on the target cell
  3. The affinity of those receptors for the hormone
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18
Q

Describe the three steps of hormone stimuli

A
  1. The hypothalamus secretes hormones …
  2. .that stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete hormones that…
  3. ..stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones, like Thyroid gland, Adrenal cortex and testis
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19
Q

What is another name for the posterior lobe ?

A

Neurohypophysis

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20
Q

What is another name for the anterior lobe?

A

Adenohypophysis

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21
Q

What tissue is the posterior lobe made of?

A

neural tissue

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22
Q

What tissue is the anterior lobe made of?

A

glandular tissue

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23
Q

What does the ADH hormone?

A

Saves water in the kidney

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24
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is connected to hypothalamus by neurons?

A

Posterior lobe

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25
Q

Which are the three main vascular connection in the anterior lobe?

A
  1. The primary capillary plexus
  2. The hypophyseal portal veins
  3. The secondary capillary plexus
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26
Q

Name 6 hormones of the anterior lobe:

A 
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and PRL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)
27
Q

Name 6 hormones of the posterior lobe:

A
  1. ADH influences water balance
  2. Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction in
    breasts and uterus
28
Q

Alcohol inhibits —- release and causes copious

urine output

A

ADH

29
Q

With low solutes, ADH is —-, thus

causing water loss

A

not released

30
Q

Which is the largest endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid gland

31
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

Thryroid follicles

32
Q

What hormones does the Thryroid follicles produce?

A

T3 and T4

33
Q

Name 7 functions the Thyroid hormones has

A 
TH is concerned with:
1. Glucose oxidation
2. Increasing metabolic rate
3. Heat production
TH plays a role in:
4. Maintaining blood pressure
5. Regulating tissue growth
6. Developing skeletal and nervous systems
7. Maturation and reproductive capabilities
34
Q

What function has the PTH (parathormone) ?

A

PTH (parathormone) regulates calcium balance in

the blood

35
Q

Where is the Parathyroid Glands located?

A

On the Thyroid gland, as two small dots of glands

36
Q

What is the swedish word for Iodine?

A

jod

37
Q

K+-levels are — extracellularly than

intracellularly

A

lower

38
Q

Na+-levels are —– extracellularly than

intracellularly

A

higher

39
Q

Which are the three layers in the adrenal glands

A

Capsule, Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla

40
Q

Which hormone does the adrenal glands secreate?

A

steroid hormones called

corticosteroids (corticoids)

41
Q

Which hormone from the pituitary controls the secretion of corticosteroids

A

ACTH

42
Q

Which are the three different corticosteroids , produced by the adrenal cortex

A
  1. mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
  2. glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
  3. gonadocorticoids (mainly androgens)
43
Q

Which functions has the aldosterone

A
  1. Maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of
    sodium from the body
  2. Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys
  3. Maintains blood pressure
44
Q

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by….(3st)

A

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:

  1. Rising blood levels of K+
  2. Low blood Na+
  3. Decreasing blood volume or pressure
45
Q

Most gonadocorticoids secreted are —-?

A

androgens (sexhormones)

46
Q

Androgens can be converted into —–(women) in

peripheral tissues

A

estrogens

47
Q

Which hormones are secreted in the Adrenal medulla? And what is the different between them?

A

Adrenalin(epinephrine) and noradrenalin

  1. Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of the
    heart and metabolic activities
  2. Norepinephrine is more influential on peripheral
    vasoconstriction and blood pressure
48
Q

Which effects has Adrenalin and noradrenalin? (4st)

A
  1. Blood glucose levels to rise
  2. Blood vessels to constrict
  3. The heart to beat faster
  4. Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and
    skeletal muscle
49
Q

Which organ sectrets insulin?

A

Pancreas

50
Q

Which cell type produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

51
Q

Which cell type produce insuline?

A

Beta cells

52
Q

What function has Glucagon?

A

Increases blood glucose levels by release of glucose to the blood from liver cells, Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis

53
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogenolysis – the breakdown of glycogen to

glucose from stimuli of a Glucagon hormone

54
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis ?

A

Gluconeogenesis – synthesis of glucose from lactic

acid and noncarbohydrates from stimuli of a Glucagon hormone

55
Q

What two functions has the insulin and what does it lead to?

A
  1. Incorporates GLUT4 into the cell membrane
  2. Enhances transport of glucose into body cells
    Lowers blood glucose levels
56
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the Gondas?

A 
LH= Luteinizing hormone
FSH = Follicle stimulating hormone
57
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

In the Pineal gland

58
Q

Which are the major hormonal products in the Thymus?

A

Major hormonal products are thymopoietins and

thymosins

59
Q

Why are thymopoietins and thymosins hormones important?

A

These hormones are essential for the development
of the T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune
system

60
Q 
Which of the following hormones is released by an endocrine gland in response to direct stimulation by the nervous system? (1p)
A) epinephrine
B) cortisol
C) testosterone
D) insulin
E) glucagon
A

A) epinephrine

61
Q 
Which of the following is a disease condition in which the posterior pituitary gland does not secrete sufficient amounts of ADH? (1p)
A) diabetes insipidus
B) diabetes mellitus
C) tetany
D) cretinism
E) aldosteronism
A

A) diabetes insipidus

62
Q 
The cells in the pancreatic islets that secrete insulin are called... (1p)
A) alpha cells.
B) beta cells.
C) delta cells.
D) F-cells.
E) chief cells.
A

B) beta cells.

63
Q

What gland can be classified as both endocrine and exocrine? (1p)

A

The PANCREAS is a glandular organ in the upper abdomen, but really it serves as two glands in one: a digestive exocrine gland and a hormone-producing endocrine gland.

Medicine for engineers (11 decks)

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