Enocrine system Flashcards
1
Q
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are steroid hormones produced by the... (1p) A) ovaries. B) testis. C) adrenal gland. D) thyroid gland. E) hypothalamus.
A
C) adrenal gland.
2
Q
All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT... (1p) A) adrenal glands. B) sweat glands. C) parathyroid glands. D) pineal gland. E) pituitary gland.
A
B) sweat glands
3
Q
All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT... (1p) A) adrenal glands. B) sweat glands. C) parathyroid glands. D) pineal gland. E) pituitary gland.
A
B) sweat glands.
4
Q
Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?
A
It serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood.
5
Q
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that causes darkening of the skin is... (1p) A) MSH. B) FSH. C) GH. D) LH. E) ACTH.
A
E) ACTH.
6
Q
All of the following are secretory products of exocrine glands EXCEPT... (1p) A) mucus. B) oil. C) digestive enzymes. D) hormones. E) saliva.
A
D) hormones
7
Q
What is Pituitary in Swedish?
A
Hypofysen
8
Q
What is thyroid in Swedish?
A
sköldkörtel
9
Q
What is adrenal in Swedish?
A
Binjurar
10
Q
What is Thymus gland in Swedish?
A
Thymus
11
Q
Which are the tree ways of signaling?
A
- Autocrine – the same cell receives the signal
2.Paracrine – neighbouring cells receive the signal - Endocrine – distant cells receive the signal via the
blood stream
12
Q
Which are the two types of hormones?
A
- Amino acid-based hormones
2. Steroid hormones
13
Q
Hormones circulate in the blood in two forms –
—– or —–
A
Bound: Steroids and thyroid hormone are bound to plasma proteins
Free: All others are free
14
Q
Hormones are removed from the blood by: (3st)
A
- Degrading enzymes
- The kidneys
- Liver enzyme systems
15
Q
Explain the four step of action of a lipid-soluble hormone
A
(intracellular receptor)
- Detaches from its transportprotein in the bloodstream. Diffuses from blood into cells.
- The hormon bindes to and activates receptors. Alters the gen expression: turns it on or of
- Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins and ribosomes.
- New proteins alter cells’s activity
16
Q
Explain the four step of action of a water- hormone
A
Receptor located on the cell membrane
- A water-soluble hormone diffuses from the blood and binds to its receptor in a target cell’s plasma membrane
- As a result of the binding, a reaction starts inside the cell that converts ATP to AMP
- Cyclic AMP(rest) causes the activation of several proteins (such as enzymes)
- Activated proteins cause reactions that produce physological responses.
- For a brief time the cAMP is inactivated
17
Q
Target cell activation depends on three factors
A
- Blood levels of the hormone
- Relative number of receptors on the target cell
- The affinity of those receptors for the hormone
18
Q
Describe the three steps of hormone stimuli
A
- The hypothalamus secretes hormones …
- .that stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete hormones that…
- ..stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones, like Thyroid gland, Adrenal cortex and testis
19
Q
What is another name for the posterior lobe ?
A
Neurohypophysis
20
Q
What is another name for the anterior lobe?
A
Adenohypophysis
21
Q
What tissue is the posterior lobe made of?
A
neural tissue
22
Q
What tissue is the anterior lobe made of?
A
glandular tissue
23
Q
What does the ADH hormone?
A
Saves water in the kidney
24
Q
Which lobe of the pituitary is connected to hypothalamus by neurons?
A
Posterior lobe
25
Which are the three main vascular connection in the anterior lobe?
1. The primary capillary plexus
2. The hypophyseal portal veins
3. The secondary capillary plexus
26
Name 6 hormones of the anterior lobe:
```
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and PRL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)
```
27
Name 6 hormones of the posterior lobe:
1. ADH influences water balance
2. Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction in
breasts and uterus
28
Alcohol inhibits ---- release and causes copious
| urine output
ADH
29
With low solutes, ADH is ----, thus
| causing water loss
not released
30
Which is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
31
What is the thyroid gland composed of?
Thryroid follicles
32
What hormones does the Thryroid follicles produce?
T3 and T4
33
Name 7 functions the Thyroid hormones has
```
TH is concerned with:
1. Glucose oxidation
2. Increasing metabolic rate
3. Heat production
TH plays a role in:
4. Maintaining blood pressure
5. Regulating tissue growth
6. Developing skeletal and nervous systems
7. Maturation and reproductive capabilities
```
34
What function has the PTH (parathormone) ?
PTH (parathormone) regulates calcium balance in
| the blood
35
Where is the Parathyroid Glands located?
On the Thyroid gland, as two small dots of glands
36
What is the swedish word for Iodine?
jod
37
K+-levels are --- extracellularly than
| intracellularly
lower
38
Na+-levels are ----- extracellularly than
| intracellularly
higher
39
Which are the three layers in the adrenal glands
Capsule, Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla
40
Which hormone does the adrenal glands secreate?
steroid hormones called
| corticosteroids (corticoids)
41
Which hormone from the pituitary controls the secretion of corticosteroids
ACTH
42
Which are the three different corticosteroids , produced by the adrenal cortex
1. mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
2. glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
3. gonadocorticoids (mainly androgens)
43
Which functions has the aldosterone
1. Maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of
sodium from the body
2. Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys
3. Maintains blood pressure
44
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by....(3st)
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:
1. Rising blood levels of K+
2. Low blood Na+
3. Decreasing blood volume or pressure
45
Most gonadocorticoids secreted are ----?
androgens (sexhormones)
46
Androgens can be converted into -----(women) in
| peripheral tissues
estrogens
47
Which hormones are secreted in the Adrenal medulla? And what is the different between them?
Adrenalin(epinephrine) and noradrenalin
1. Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of the
heart and metabolic activities
2. Norepinephrine is more influential on peripheral
vasoconstriction and blood pressure
48
Which effects has Adrenalin and noradrenalin? (4st)
1. Blood glucose levels to rise
2. Blood vessels to constrict
3. The heart to beat faster
4. Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and
skeletal muscle
49
Which organ sectrets insulin?
Pancreas
50
Which cell type produce glucagon?
Alpha cells
51
Which cell type produce insuline?
Beta cells
52
What function has Glucagon?
Increases blood glucose levels by release of glucose to the blood from liver cells, Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis
53
What is Glycogenolysis?
Glycogenolysis – the breakdown of glycogen to
| glucose from stimuli of a Glucagon hormone
54
What is Gluconeogenesis ?
Gluconeogenesis – synthesis of glucose from lactic
| acid and noncarbohydrates from stimuli of a Glucagon hormone
55
What two functions has the insulin and what does it lead to?
1. Incorporates GLUT4 into the cell membrane
2. Enhances transport of glucose into body cells
Lowers blood glucose levels
56
Which anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the Gondas?
```
LH= Luteinizing hormone
FSH = Follicle stimulating hormone
```
57
Where is melatonin produced?
In the Pineal gland
58
Which are the major hormonal products in the Thymus?
Major hormonal products are thymopoietins and
| thymosins
59
Why are thymopoietins and thymosins hormones important?
These hormones are essential for the development
of the T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune
system
60
```
Which of the following hormones is released by an endocrine gland in response to direct stimulation by the nervous system? (1p)
A) epinephrine
B) cortisol
C) testosterone
D) insulin
E) glucagon
```
A) epinephrine
61
```
Which of the following is a disease condition in which the posterior pituitary gland does not secrete sufficient amounts of ADH? (1p)
A) diabetes insipidus
B) diabetes mellitus
C) tetany
D) cretinism
E) aldosteronism
```
A) diabetes insipidus
62
```
The cells in the pancreatic islets that secrete insulin are called... (1p)
A) alpha cells.
B) beta cells.
C) delta cells.
D) F-cells.
E) chief cells.
```
B) beta cells.
63
What gland can be classified as both endocrine and exocrine? (1p)
The PANCREAS is a glandular organ in the upper abdomen, but really it serves as two glands in one: a digestive exocrine gland and a hormone-producing endocrine gland.
