Respiratory System Flashcards
functions (5)
- respiration
- phonation
- olfactory stimulation
- preparation of inspired air
- waste excretion
pulmonary ventilation
- movement of air into and out of lungs
- physical act of breathing
hemoglobin
- pigmented protein found in RBC
- binds/transports oxygen
upper respiratory tract (4)
- nose
- nasal cavity
- sinuses
- pharynx
lower respiratory tract (4)
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
3 specialized function of nares (nose)
- gateway
- warms, humidifies, filters
paranasal sinuses (4)
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- maxillae
- frontal bones
pharynx (2)
- hollow, tubelike structure
- extends from nares to larynx/esophagus
larynx (adams apple/voice box) (4)
- muscular cartilaginous structure
- gateway to lower respiratory tract
- 9 cartilage plates bound by ligaments
- 3 large single plates (epiglottic, cricoid, thyroid)
glottis
-part of larynx
epiglottis (2)
- leaf-shaped plate of elastic cartilage
- covers glottis during swallowing preventing aspiration
true vocal cords
-part of larynx
trachea
windpipe
tracheotomy
incision to establish alternate air pathway
bronchial tree
- primal bronchi: divides into R/L primary bronchi
- secondary lobar: serve lobe of lung
- tertiary (segmental): 8-10
alveoli (3)
- individual functional unit of lung
- microscopic sacs arranged in bunches
- increase surface area for gas exchange to occur
surfactant
lipoprotein substance secreted by cells to prevent lung collapse
characteristics of brachial tree
- epithelium: epithelial lining thins
- cartilaginous support: gradually diminishes
- smooth muscle: become more prominent
lungs
- essential organs of respiration
- bilaterally located to mediastinum
apex of lung
superior most, pointed portion of lung
base of lung
inferior most, flat portion of lung
hilum of lung
entrance/exit of primary root
function of lung membranes
interaction allows lung expansion while reducing friction
parietal pleura
lines inner surface of chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum
visceral pleura
adherent too/completely lines outer surface of each lung (viscera=organ)
partial pressure
- daltons law: mixture of gases, each gas exerts own pressure as if other gases were not present
- pressure of each specific gas in mixture known as partial pressure
muscles of quiet INSPIRATION
-result of contraction primary muscles: diaphragm, external intercostals
muscles of quiet EXPIRATION
-entirely passive process requiring NO MUSCLES
nervous control
-groups of neurons located in medulla oblongata
medullary respiratory (3)
- dorsal & ventral respiratory groups
- established basal breathing rate
- ventral group active during quiet breathing
pneumotaxic area
-increases breathing rate
apneustic area
-decreased breathing rate
what primarily regulates breathing rate?
blood hydrogen ion levels
central chemoreceptors
- medulla oblongata
- sense blood carbon dioxide levels
- monitors hydrogen ion levels in cerebrospinal fluid
peripheral chemoreceptors
- carotid & aortic bodies
- sense blood oxygen levels by monitoring passing blood
respiratory volumes
total lung volume
tidal volume
air the enters or exits lungs during single respiratory cycle of quiet breathing
vital capacity (3)
sum of:
- tidal volum
- inspiratory reserve volume
- expiratory reserve volume
hyper-ventiation
increased respiratory rate
apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
dyspnea
difficult, painful or labored breathing
bradypnea
abnormally slow breathing rate
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen at tissue level
cyanosis
blue/gray discoloration of skin from low blood concentration of oxygen
