properties of blood and homeostasis

Question 1

total H20 in body?

Answer 1

40L

Question 2

% water by volume women?

Answer 2

%52

Question 3

% water by volume men?

Answer 3

%63

Question 4

intracellular compartment (3)

Answer 4

found inside cells
%63 by volume
-higher in K+ (potassium)

Question 5

extracellular compartment (3)

Answer 5

found outside of cells
%37 by volume
-higher in Na+

Question 6

transcellular fluid

Answer 6

membranes

fluids found within body cavities lined with special epithelia

Question 7

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 7

results from fluid volume and force

Question 8

osmotic pressure

Answer 8

pressure resulting from unequal amount of dissolved solutes which cannot cross a semipermeable membrane

Question 9

osmosis

Answer 9

diffusion of water

Question 10

thirst mechanism results from?

Answer 10

rising osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids, primarily CSF

Question 11

inhibitor of thirst mechanism

Answer 11

act of drinking and resulting distension of stomach wall both serve to inhibit the thirst mechanism (negative feedback)

Question 12

what is primary means of regulating H2O balance

Answer 12

urine formation (in moderate environment)

Question 13

regulation of water output/loss

Answer 13

membranes of distal convoluted tubules/collecting ducts remain impermeable to water, leading to urine formation unless posterior pituitary hormone secretes ADH, causing nephrons to reabsorb H20

Question 14

what does ADH cause nephrons to do?

Answer 14

reabsorb H20

Question 15

electrolyte intake/gain (3)

Answer 15

• achieved by healthy eating & drinking
• response to thirst mechanism provides motivation
• some furnished through metabolic processes

Question 16

electrolyte loss is result of?

Answer 16

occurs through normal perspiration/fecal elimination

Question 17

regulation of electrolytes is achieved by…

Answer 17

the kidneys through influx of various hormones

Question 18

aldosterone (4)

Answer 18

• primary regulator of Na+
• inversely regulates K+
• causes increase in Na+ reabsorption*
• causes increase in K+ secretion*

Question 19

parathyroid hormone

Answer 19

secretion of PTH causes increase in blood Ca2+ concentration

Question 20

calcitonin

Answer 20

released by thyroid hormone in response to high Ca2+ concentration

Question 21

what is normal blood PH

Answer 21

7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline

Question 22

acids/bases

Answer 22

acids: liberators of hydrogen
bases: retainers of hydrogen

Question 23

explain acid/base strength

Answer 23

electrolytes that ionize more completely (acids) or electrolytes that combine more readily (bases) are termed strong

Question 24

3 regulations of hydrogen ion concentrations (3)

Answer 24

• acid base buffer
• respiratory center
• kidneys

Question 25

acidosis

Answer 25

blood PH LESS than 7.35

Question 26

alkalosis

Answer 26

blood PH greater than 7.45

Question 27

acid buffer base system (2)

Answer 27

• bodies first response against PH changes

- chemicals that readily combine with acids/bases (when in excess) to maintain blood PH

Question 28

respiratory center

Answer 28

• secondary defense to PH due to slow response (several minutes)
• increases rate/depth of breathing

Question 29

kidney function

Answer 29

-secondary defense to PH due to slow response (1-3 days)

Question 30

dehydration

Answer 30

condition in which water loss is greater than water gain (output exceeds intake)

Question 31

diuretic

Answer 31

any substance that increases urinary output

Question 32

electrolyte

Answer 32

inorganic compound/molecule that dissociates in water and releases ions into the solution.

Question 33

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS result of

Answer 33

cause: accumulation of CO2

- decreased rate/depth of breath, obstruction of airway, decreased gas exchange

Question 34

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS result of

Answer 34

cause: accumulation of non-respiratory acids

- kidney failure to excrete acids, excessive production of keto acids as in diabetes mellitus

Question 35

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS result of

Answer 35

cause: excessive loss of CO2

- Hyperventilation from fever, poisoning, altitude, anxiety

Question 36

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS result of

Answer 36

cause: loss of non respiratory acids

- gastric drainage, vomiting with loss of gastric secretions