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Surg Tech A&P > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine glands

A

ducted glands that carry secretions to point of action

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2
Q

endocrine glands (2)

A
  • ductless glands secrete into fluid filled extracellular space
  • secreted product diffuses into lymphatics or blood vessels and carried through out body to place of action
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3
Q

hormones

A

biochemical function of secretory cells of endocrine gland/tissue which affects function of another cell

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4
Q

hormonal influence is dependent on? (2)

A
  • specific hormone receptor binding interaction

- only affects specific target cells

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5
Q

steroid hormones (2)

A
  • lipid based

- synthesized from cholesterol molecules in SMOOTH ER

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6
Q

non steroid hormones (3)

A
  • synthesized from amino acids in ROUGH ER
  • lipophobic molecule cannot diffuse across cell membrane
  • located outer surface of cell membrane
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7
Q

prostaglandins (2)

A
  • lipid based synthesized from fatty acids

- biochemical mediators produced by any cell in body (not erythrocytes)

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8
Q

neuro/endocrine system differences

A

hormones:

  • slow acting
  • long lasting
  • widely influential (may affect nearly all body cells)
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9
Q

what is hormonal regulation most often under governance of?

A

negative feedback loop

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10
Q

negative feedback loop is?

A

stability

if loops REVERSES the original stimulus, system is negative feedback

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11
Q

positive feedback loop is? (3)

A
  • explosive*
  • if loop ENHANCES original stimulus, system is positive feedback
  • produce unstable conditions
  • often shut off by mechanism outside system
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12
Q

manners of control utilizing feed back loops (3)

A
  • hypothalamic control
  • nervous system control
  • changes in blood composition/concentration control
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13
Q

location/structure: pituitary gland (4)

A
  • bilobed/pea shaped
  • found at base of brain in sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
  • suspended from hypothalamus by infundibulum
  • hypophyseal portal veins
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14
Q

hypothalamus control over pituitary gland (2)

A
  • anterior pituitary hormones governed by neurosecretory cells secreted by hypothalamus.
  • hormones travel directly to anterior pituitary gland via hypophyseal portal vein
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15
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary gland (2)

A
  • larger anterior portion %75

- 5 types secretory epithelial tissue

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16
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland (2)

A
  • smaller posterior %25

- pituicytes and neural tissue

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17
Q

function grow hormone (hGH, somatotropin)

A

hGH stimulates body growth/increases aspects of metabolism

anterior pituitary

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18
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

with other hormones, initiates/sustains milk production by females developed mammary glands

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19
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates synthesis/secretion of two hormones produced by thyroid gland (T3,T4)

20
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A
  • regulates production/secretion of adrenal gland’s cortical hormones
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) governs skin pigmentation/brain activity
21
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A
  • enhances smooth muscle contractions in wall of uterus during delivery/softens symphysis pubis
  • stimulates milk ejection
22
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) (3)

A
  • decreases urine production by returning more water to blood stream
  • absence of ADH pot. results in urine output increasing 10 fold
  • elevates blood pressure by decreasing water loss
23
Q

location/structure: thyroid gland (2)

A
  • richly vascularized

- inferior to thyroid cartilage of larynx/anterior to trachea

24
Q

thyroid follicles

A

spherical sacs whose follicular cells are responsible for synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

25
Q

function of thyroid hormones (3)

A
  • regulate oxygen use and basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • increase BMR by increasing rate of carbs, protein and lipid metabolism
  • stimulates protein synthesis and use of fatty acids/glucose for ATP production
26
Q

action of thyroid hormone calcitonin CT (2)

A
  • decreases high blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts
  • negative feed back loop
27
Q

parathyroid hormones (2)

A
  • posterior surface of each lateral thyroid lobe superiorly and inferiorly
  • 2 each lobe, 4 total
28
Q

function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) (2)

A
  • regulator of calcium homeostasis

- increases number/activity of osteoclasts stimulating bone reabsorption

29
Q

structure/function: adrenal glands (2)

A
  • richly vascularized pyramid shaped

- located superior portion of kidneys

30
Q

adrenal medulla (2)

A
  • smaller centrally located composed of modified sympathetic ganglion
  • synthesizes catecholamines that intensify sympathetic ANS fight or flight response (prepares body for energy expending activity)
31
Q

adrenal cortex (2)

A
  • larger peripheral region encircles medulla

- glomerulosa responsible for synthesis of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

32
Q

glucocorticoids (2)

A
  • adrenal cortex: fasciculata

- steroid hormones regulating metabolism/resistance to stress (cortisol)

33
Q

mineralocorticoids (2)

A
  • adrenal cortex: glomerulosa

- aldosterone: increases sodium absorption/potassium excretion raising blood pressure

34
Q

androgens (2)

A
  • weak steroid hormones affecting early developmental physiology/aspects of reproduction
  • most significant prepubescent/postmenopausal years
35
Q

pancreas (2)

A
  • digestive organ serving endocrine and exocrine functions
  • posterior to stomach, connected to digestive tract by ducts
  • %99 exocrine cluster cells
  • %1 endocrine pancreatic islets
36
Q

pancreas endocrine cells

A
  • Alpha A cells: synthesize/secrete glucagon

- Beta B cells: synthesize/secrete insulin

37
Q

function of glucagon

A
  • elevate low blood glucose levels

- acts on liver cells

38
Q

function of insulin

A

-decrease high blood glucose levels

39
Q

pineal gland (3)

A
  • attached to thalamus
  • secretes melatonin in response to retina stimulation
  • established bodies biological clock
40
Q

pituitary gland: diabetes insipidus (DI)

A
  • dehydration due to excessive urine formation attributed to ADH deficiency/hypo-secretion
  • high volumes of urine
41
Q

pituitary gland: pituitary dwarfism

A

abnormally slow growth/short stature with normal body proportions

42
Q

pituitary gland: pituitary gigantism

A

abnormally rapid growth/tall stature with normal body proportions

43
Q

pituitary gland: acromegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of extremities due to hyper secretion of hGH during adulthood

44
Q

thyroid gland: graves disease (hyperthyroidism)

A

autoimmune condition body produces antibodies that mimic action of TSH, leading to hyper stimulation, goiter, elevated BMR

45
Q

pancreas: diabetes mellitus

A

inability to produce/utilize insulin, leading to excessive blood glucose levels

46
Q

adrenal glands: addison disease

A
  • hyposecretory condition of adrenal cortex

- decreased release of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

47
Q

cushings syndrome

A

excessive cortisol release attributed to adrenal adenoma

Surg Tech A&P (16 decks)

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