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Microanatomy Exam 3 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 types of macrophages in alveoli?

A
  1. Tissue macrophage of septum

2. Pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM)

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2
Q

Where are tissue macrophages of the septum located?

A

Interstitium

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3
Q

Where are pulmonary alveolar macrophages located?

A

Alveolar lumen or surface

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4
Q

Why is there a large amount of elastic fiber in the alveoli?

A

Must be very flexible

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5
Q

3 components of blood-air barrier

A
  1. Endothelial cell (lines capillary)
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Alveolar type I pneumocyte (lines alveolus)
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6
Q

Basement membrane of blood-air barrier

A

May be fused from the epithelium of both the capillary and alveolus

OR

May be separated by CT

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7
Q

2 types of blood supply to alveoli

A
  1. Systemic vessels

2. Pulmonary vessels

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8
Q

Lungs receive nutritional supply from?

A

Bronchoesophageal a.

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9
Q

Lungs receive functional supply from?

A

Pulmonary a.

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10
Q

How do pulmonary vessels reach alveoli?

A

Follow airways → divide into capillary bed surrounding alveoli

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11
Q

How are avian lungs different than mammals?

A
  1. Smaller
  2. Do not change size with inspiration/expiration
  3. No diaphragm
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12
Q

Avian air passageway system

A
  1. Bronchi (primary and secondary)
  2. Parabronchi (tertiary bronchi)
  3. Atria (similar to terminal bronchiole)
  4. Air capillaries (similar to alveolar sac)
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13
Q

Function of avian air sacs

A

Move air in and out of lungs → have undirectional air flow

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14
Q

How many air sacs are connected to bronchi and parabronchi?

A

About 8

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15
Q

3 reasons avian respiratory system has more efficient gas exchange

A
  1. Thin walls
  2. Smaller alveoli
  3. Rich capillary system
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16
Q

What is unique about olfactory cells?

A

Bipolar neuronal cells

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17
Q

Airway progression

A

Bronchus → bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli

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18
Q

3 types of bronchus

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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19
Q

Which type of airway has cartilage?

A

Bronchus

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20
Q

4 types of bronchioles

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary (terminal)
  4. Respiratory
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21
Q

4 layers in upper airway

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Adventitia
  4. Serosa
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22
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosa (+/-)
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23
Q

What is the CT component of the lining of a mucosal organ?

A

Lamina propria

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24
Q

What is muscularis mucosa?

A

Thin layer of smooth m.

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25
Q

What is submucosa?

A

CT layer deep to mucosa

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26
Q

What is adventitia composed of?

A

CT

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27
Q

What is serosa?

A

Membrane lining body cavities and various organs

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28
Q

Serous membranes secrete?

A

Serous fluid

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29
Q

What is the serosal layer of the lung?

A

Visceral pleura

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30
Q

What is nasal vestibule?

A

Mucocutaneous junction (transition from skin of nose to mucosa of nasal cavity)

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31
Q

2 regions of nasal cavity

A
  1. Respiratory

2. Olfactory

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32
Q

Respiratory epithelium is what type?

A

Psuedostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

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33
Q

Where is respiratory epithelium found?

A

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses → extends into airway divisions

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34
Q

Lamina propria in respiratory mucosa

A

Highly vascular - functions in heat exchange

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35
Q

What types of glands found in lamina propria?

A

Serous and mucus glands

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36
Q

Olfactory mucosa is found where?

A

Patches in nasal cavity

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37
Q

Epithelium of olfactory mucosa

A

Thicker pseudostratified columnar, has Bowman’s glands instead of goblet cells

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38
Q

5 types of cells in olfactory mucosa

A
  1. Sustenacular cells
  2. Nuceli with cilia
  3. Basal cells
  4. Olfactory cells
  5. Neurons
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39
Q

Sustenacular cells

A

Most superficial of olfactory epithelium

40
Q

Basal cells

A

Germinal cell layer at base of olfactory epithelium

41
Q

Olfactory cels

A

Intraepithelial bipolar

42
Q

Axons of neurons of nasal cavity become?

A

Cranial nerve I

43
Q

Bowman’s glands are?

A

Serous olfactory glands

44
Q

Function of Bowman’s gland secretions

A

Dissolve inhaled substance for detection by olfactory cells

45
Q

What is vomeronasal organ?

A

Tubular gland in nasal cavity (located on either side of nasal septum) with both olfactory and respiratory epithelium

46
Q

Vomeronasal organ functions in olfaction

A

Related to pheromones (ex: flehmen reaction in cats and horses)

47
Q

Nasopharynx location

A

Part of pharynx located dorsal to soft palate

48
Q

What is nasopharynx?

A

Large mass of lymphoid tissue associated for defense mechanism

49
Q

What is larynx?

A

Complex cartilagenous structure lined by respiratory epithelium (and some stratified squamous epithelium)

50
Q

Vocal fold is contained by?

A

Larynx

51
Q

Stroma of lung

A

Mainly elastin, some collagen

52
Q

Lung parenchyma is divided into?

A

Lobes and lobules

53
Q

Major parenchyma of lung

A

Alveoli

54
Q

Alveoli are contained in?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
55
Q

Visceral pleura of long consists of?

A
  1. Epithelium (mesothelium)

2. Some CT (collagens)

56
Q

Layers of tubular airways (trachea and bronchi)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Cartilage
  4. Adventitia
57
Q

Trachealis m.

A

M. in trachea, not continuous around airway

58
Q

Where is muscularis mucosa in the lung?

A

Bronchi → alveolar duct

59
Q

Layers of bronchiole

A

Mucosa with thickened muscularis mucosae (submucosa is extremely thin)

60
Q

Trachea bifurcates into?

A

Primary bronchi (supply each lung)

61
Q

Rings of trachea are made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

62
Q

Rings of trachea open on what side?

A

Dorsally

63
Q

How are ends of rings of trachea connected?

A

By trachealis m. (smooth m.)

64
Q

Tracheal mucosa consists of?

A

Respiratory epithelium + lamina propria

65
Q

Surface of trachea is covered by?

A

Mucus layer

66
Q

Lamina propria of trachea contains?

A

Elastic fibers parallel to long axis of trachea

67
Q

Elastic fibers of tracheal lamina propria stain?

A

Acidophilically

68
Q

4 cell types in respiratory epithelium

A
  1. Ciliated columnar cell
  2. Basal (germinal) cell
  3. Goblet cell
  4. DNES
69
Q

What regulates tracheal air flow?

A

DNES

70
Q

DNES secretes?

A
  1. Polypeptides (calcitonin, bombsin, CCK)

2. Biologically active amines (serotonin)

71
Q

How does DNES regulate tracheal air flow?

A

Secretes molecules into local blood vessels as local hormones

72
Q

Type of submucosal glands in trachea

A

Seromucous (secrete mucin and defense peptides)

73
Q

How is respiratory epithelium different in the bronchi?

A
  1. Cells shorter than in trachea

2. Fewer goblet cells

74
Q

In bronchi, cartilage rings are replaced by?

A

Plates or plaques

75
Q

Progressive changes in successive divisions of bronchi

A
  1. Mucosa and submucosa become thinner
  2. Cartilage plates become smaller
  3. Muscle layer becomes more prominent
76
Q

Which is smaller, bronchi or bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles

77
Q

Bronchiole diameter

A
78
Q

How are bronchioles different from bronchi?

A
  1. No cartilage
  2. Simple epithelium (gets shorter as bronchioles get smaller)
  3. No goblet cells
  4. Smooth m. in submucosa
79
Q

Changes which occur with each division of bronchioles

A
  1. Diameter decreases
  2. Airway wall becomes thinner
  3. Less glands and cilia
80
Q

3 cell types in bronchioles

A
  1. Ciliated epithelial cells
  2. Club cells (non-ciliated)
  3. Neuroendocrine cells
81
Q

Bronchiolar cells aka?

A

Non-ciliated Club cells

82
Q

Mucosa of primary and secondary bronchioles

A

Ciliated simple columnar

Highly foldered mucosa

83
Q

Mucosa of tertiary bronchiole

A

Partially ciliated simple columnar or cuboidal

Thinner lamina propria

1 layer of spiral smooth m.

84
Q

Terminal bronchiole aka?

A

Tertiary bronchiole

85
Q

Clara cells aka?

A

Club cells

86
Q

Clara cell functions

A
  1. Produce surfactant
  2. Contain P450 enzymes to detoxify substances
  3. Act as stem cells
87
Q

At what level does gaseous exchange begin?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

88
Q

Difference in appearance between respiratory and tertiary bronchioles?

A

Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli openings

89
Q

What is alveolar duct composed of?

A

Numerous adjacent alveoli

90
Q

Alveoli epithelium

A

Simple squamous

91
Q

Smooth muscle knobs are found at?

A

Tips of interalveolar septae (entrances to alveoli)

92
Q

What is the main site of gaseous exchange?

A

Alveoli

93
Q

Alveolar wall is filled with?

A

Capillaries

94
Q

2 types of alveolar epithelial cells

A
  1. Type I pneumocyte

2. Type II pneumocyte

95
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A
  1. Produces surfactant
  2. Contains lamellar bodies
  3. Stem cell
96
Q

What are lamelar bodies?

A

Surfactant containing vesicles

97
Q

Surfactant is?

A

Phospholipid

Microanatomy Exam 3 (10 decks)

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