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Microanatomy Exam 3 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocardium contains:

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Supporting CT
  3. Some adipose tissue
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2
Q

Myocardium contains:

A
  1. Cardiac myocytes

2. Purkinje fibers

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3
Q

Epicardium AKA:

A

Adventitia

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4
Q

Pericardium AKA:

A

Outer membrane

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5
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Conduction system of heart

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6
Q

Cardiac skeleton

A

Fibrous skeleton of the heart → structure of dense CT which separates atria from ventricles

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7
Q

Annulus

A

Cardiac skeleton (CT) surrounding valves

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8
Q

Trigone

A

Cardiac skeleton (CT) → triangular area between 2 AV canals and aortic valve

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9
Q

2 parts of cardiac skeleton

A
  1. Annulus

2. Trigone

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10
Q

Heart valves are made of?

A

Folds of endocardium

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11
Q

Heart valves are supported by?

A

Cardiac skeleton (dense CT)

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12
Q

Edges of cusps of valves are anchored by?

A

Chordae tendinae

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13
Q

3 layers in blood or lymph vessel

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica adventitia
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14
Q

Epicardium contains?

A
  1. Mesothelium → secretes serous fluid
  2. Supporting CT
  3. Broad adipost tissue
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15
Q

Purkinje fibers derived from?

A

Cardiac muscle

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16
Q

Purkinje fiber cells

A

Cells larger than muscle fiber → no T-tubules

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17
Q

3 layers of tunica intima

A
  1. Endothelium (always)
  2. Subendothelial CT (sometimes)
  3. Internal elastic lamina (sometimes)
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18
Q

Tunica media

A

Smooth m. with varying amounts of elastic lamina

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19
Q

External elastic lamina is in what layer?

A

Tunica media

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20
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

CT of vessel wall

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21
Q

Tunica adventitia CT

A

Dense or loose irregular

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22
Q

In larger vessels, the tunia adventitia carries?

A

Blood and nerve supply for that vessel:

  1. Vasa vasorum
  2. Nervi vasorum
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23
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Blood supply for vessel

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24
Q

Nervi vasorum

A

Nerve supply for vessel

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25
Q

Examples of elastic aa.

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Pulmonary
  3. Carotid
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26
Q

Tunica intima is found where?

A

Innermost layer, just inside endothelium

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27
Q

Tunica intima of elastic aa.

A

Very thin → internal elastic lamina difficult to observe

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28
Q

Tunica intima of elastic aa. contains?

A
  1. Fibroblasts

2. Myointimal cells

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29
Q

Atherosclerosis caused by?

A

Myointimal cells deposit lipid and thicken with age

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30
Q

Tunica media of elastic aa.

A

Thickest layer → external elastic lamina not readily apparent

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31
Q

Tunica media composition in elastic aa.

A

Concentric layers of elastin with smooth m. cells and reticular fibers between layers

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32
Q

Tunica adventitia in elastic aa.

A

Thin compared to tunica media

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33
Q

Muscular aa. found where?

A

Peripheral aa.

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34
Q

Tunica intima of muscular aa. contains?

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. CT
  3. Internal elastic lamina
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35
Q

Tunica intima of muscular aa. appearnce

A

Difficult to see → only visible in pathological conditions (ex: atherosclerosis)

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36
Q

What layer of muscular aa. thickens to increase peripheral blood pressure?

A

Tunica intima

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37
Q

Thickening of tunica intima (high blood pressure) can cause?

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Coronary artery disease
  3. Stroke
  4. Aneurysm
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38
Q

Tunica media in muscular aa.

A

Thick layer of smooth m., contains fibers and proteoglycans

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39
Q

External elastic lamina

A

Made of elastin fibers → divide tunica media and adventitia

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40
Q

Tunica adventitia of muscular aa.

A

Very thick external CT layer

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41
Q

Artery lumen diameter

A

> 0.3 mm

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42
Q

Artery must have ___ layers of muscle cells

A

> 3

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43
Q

Arteriole elastic lamina

A

No external, diminishing internal

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44
Q

Arteriole must have ___ layers of muscle cells

A
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45
Q

Smallest branch of arterial system

A

Arterioles

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46
Q

Arteriole function

A

Delivers and regulates floor blood to capillary bed

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47
Q

How do arterioles regulate systemic blood pressure?

A

Arteriole constriction increases resistance to peripheral blood floow

48
Q

NO produced by?

A

Vascular endothelial cells and macrophages

49
Q

NO function

A

Vasodilation (very potent)

50
Q

NO is synthesized from?

A

L-arginine

51
Q

Tunica intima of arterioles

A

Internal elastic lamina disappearing

52
Q

Tunica media of arterioles

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells

53
Q

Tunica adventitia of arterioles

A

Narrow layer of CT

54
Q

Capillaries consist of?

A

Only endothelium and basement membrane

55
Q

4 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous
  4. Sinusoidal
56
Q

Continuous capillaries have?

A

No pores in endothelial cells

57
Q

Continuous capillaries most commonly found in?

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Brain
  3. Thymus
  4. Bone
  5. Lung
58
Q

Fenestrated means?

A

Windowed

59
Q

Fenestrated capillaries have?

A

Pores in endothelial cells (+/- diaphragm)

60
Q

Fenestrated capillaries most commonly found in?

A

Tissues with substantial fluid transport:

  1. Intestine
  2. Kidney
  3. Endocrine
61
Q

Discontinuous capillaries

A

Gaps between cells

62
Q

Discontinuous capillaries are found in?

A

Liver and spleen sinusoids

63
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries are?

A

Special

64
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries are found in?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Spleen
  3. Bone marrow
  4. Lymph nodes
65
Q

Sinuisodal capillary appearance

A
  1. Wide lumen

2. Incomplete basal lamina

66
Q

Capillary diameter

A

Same as RBC (7-9 um)

67
Q

Sinusoid diameter

A

30-40 um

68
Q

What allows for capillary function?

A

Very thin endothelial cell layer

69
Q

Capillary function in tissue beds

A

Allow for exchange of water and solutes between blood and tissue

70
Q

Capillary function in lung

A

Allow for exchange of water and solutes between blood and environment

71
Q

4 cells in capillaries

A
  1. Pericytes
  2. Pericyte derivatives
  3. Mast cell
  4. Scattered smooth muscle cells
72
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

Residual mesenchymal / stem cell

73
Q

Example of pericyte derivative in capillaries

A

Mesangial cells of glomerulus

74
Q

Meangial cell function?

A

Controls blood flow

75
Q

How is blood flow controlled?

What tells capillaries to constrict or dilate?

A
  1. ANS

2. Circulating hormones

76
Q

Microcirculation is the?

A

Interaction of arterioles and venules through capillaries at peripheral tissues

77
Q

4 things microcirculation exchanges

A
  1. Gas
  2. Nutrient
  3. Fluid
  4. Metabolic waste
78
Q

Variables in microcirculation

A
  1. Capillary diameter
  2. Capillary endothelium
  3. Arteriovenous shunts
  4. Capillary network abundance
79
Q

Microcirculation blood flow

A 
Arteriole → 
Capillaries → 
Post-capillary venule → 
Collecting venule → 
Muscular venule
80
Q

Venules are?

A

Similar to capillaries with a larger diameter

81
Q

Tunica intima of venules

A

Endothelium only

82
Q

Tunica media of venules

A

Thin layer or not present

83
Q

Tunica adventitia of venules

A

Present

84
Q

How do you distinguish between venules and small veins?

A

If it’s next to an arteriole, call it a venule

85
Q

Tunica intima of veins

A

Present

86
Q

Tunica media of veins

A

Few layers of irregularly arranged smooth muscle (may be discontinuous)

87
Q

Tunica adventitia of veins

A

Thickest part of wal

88
Q

3 ways to differentiate arteries from veins

A
  1. Veins/venules have thinner wall
  2. Arteries and veins or arterioles and venules are found side-by-side
  3. Arteries don’t have valves; many veins do
89
Q

Vein appearance

A
  1. Thin muscular wall
  2. No internal elastic lamina
  3. Wide lumen (compared to wall thickness)
  4. Packed with RBCs
90
Q

What veins do have internal elastic lamina?

A

Large veins

91
Q

What is a neurovascular bundle?

A

Similar sized vessels, nerves and lymphatics travel together

92
Q

What is the lymphatic circulation?

A

One-way tissue fluid drainage system

93
Q

Lymphatic circulation is associated with?

A

Venous system

94
Q

Function of valves in the lymphatic circulation system?

A

Ensure fluid moves toward large veins cranial to heart

95
Q

Pressure of lymphatic circulation

A

Very low

96
Q

Very low pressure in lymphatic circulation pathology

A

Easily occluded, obstructed or overwhelmed → edema

97
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Blind-ended

98
Q

Lymp capillaries begin in?

A

Perivascular spaces of tissue beds

99
Q

Lymph vessel function

A

Transport excess interstitial fluid, proteins, solutes and macromolecules through lymph nodes and back to venous system

100
Q

Lymph vessel safety valves are located between?

A

Extravascular and intravascular fluid pools

101
Q

Function of lymph vessel filtering system

A

Impedes MOs and cancer cells

102
Q

Lymphatic capillary contains

A

Extremely thin endothelium only → no basement membrane

103
Q

How do you find lymphatic capillaries?

A

Look like a space in the tissue → look for endothelium

104
Q

How do you distinguish between large lymph vessels and veins?

A
  1. Lymph vessels have thinner walls
  2. More numerous valves (lymph > veins)
  3. No RBCs in lymph vessels
105
Q

Lymph vessels contain?

A

WBCs (no RBCs) and precipitated protein

106
Q

Circulatory shock is?

A

Life-threatening acute symptom

107
Q

Circulatory shock occurs when?

A

Hypovolemia of >35%

108
Q

Hypovolemia can be caused by?

A
  1. Blood loss

2. Extreme vasodilation by endotoxin

109
Q

How does hypovolemia lead to circulatory shock?

A

Widespread inadequacy of tissue perfusion

110
Q

Widspread inadequacy of tissue perfusion leads to?

On a cellular level, don’t say hypovolemia or circulatory shock

A
  1. Cellular hypoxia
  2. Cellular injury / organ damage
  3. Lactic acidosis
111
Q

How does hypovolemia cause lactic acidosis?

A

Lactic acid is released from damaged cells

112
Q

What is peripheral vasoconstriction?

A

Compensation for circulatory shock

113
Q

Peripheral vasoconstriction function

A

Preserve blood flow to vital organs

114
Q

How does peripheral vasoconstriction preserve blood flow to vital organs?

A

Decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure

115
Q

How does peripheral vasoconstriction decrease capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

Facilitates flow of interstitial fluid into circulation

116
Q

Arteries can be either?

A

Elastic or muscular

117
Q

Main difference between elastic and muscular aa.

A

Tunica media in elastic arteries contains concentric sheets of elastin

Microanatomy Exam 3 (10 decks)

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