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Microanatomy Exam 3 > Accessory Glands of GI > Flashcards

Accessory Glands of GI Flashcards

1
Q

Euchromatic

A

Lightly stained → active transcription

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2
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Sensory nerve ending / pressure receptor in the pancreas

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3
Q

Pancreatic exocrine cells contain?

A

Dense secretory granules containing zymogens

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4
Q

Zymogens aka?

A

Porenzymes

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5
Q

Function of pacinian corpuscles

A

Food in stomach in SI → puts pressure on pancreas (sensed by pacinian corpuscles) → knows to release enzymes

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6
Q

Types of zymogens secreted by pancreatic exocrine cells

A
  1. Prolipase/lipase
  2. Chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen
  3. Amylase
  4. Others
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7
Q

Intercalated ducts connect?

A

Acinus to intralobular ducts

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8
Q

What does interlobular duct look like?

A

Large duct surrounded by smooth m.

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9
Q

Striated ducts are typically seen in?

A

Salivary gland → never is pancreas!

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10
Q

Diabettes mellitus is?

A

Chronic disoder of carbohydrate metabolism

Most common endocrine disotrder in dog

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11
Q

Insulin is produced by?

A

Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans

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12
Q

Type II diabetes is most common in what dogs?

A

> 5 years
Females
Samoyeds
Dachshunds

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13
Q

Clinical presentation of diabetes

A
  1. Lots of pee
  2. Sudden weight loss (with increased appetite)
  3. Weakness
  4. Acidosis
  5. Vomiting
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14
Q

Acute pancreatitis is?

A

Acute inflammation of pancreatic exocrine system

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15
Q

What happens when pancreatic acinar cells are damaged?

A

Pancreatic digestive enzymes released into local tissue → local activation of pro-enzymes to active proteases

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16
Q

Acute pancreatitis prognosis

A

Life-threatening

Rare in human; found in dogs, cats, cattle and horses

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17
Q

Acute pancreatitis presentation

A
  1. Severe pain
  2. Vomiting
  3. Sudden weight loss
  4. No appetite
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18
Q

Pancreatic cancer occurrence in vet med

A

Very rare

Most lethal cancer in humans

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19
Q

3 types of pancreatic cancer

A
  1. Insulinoma
  2. Adenocarcinoma
  3. Ductal adenocarcinoma
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20
Q

Largest single gland in vertebrates

A

Liver

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21
Q

Liver is endocrine/exocrine

A

Both

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22
Q

Endocrine secretions of liver

A
  1. Angiotensinogen (angiotensin II precursor)
  2. Albumin
  3. Clotting factors
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23
Q

Exocrine secretions of liver

A

Bile

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24
Q

Bile is acidic/alkaline

A

Alkaline

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25
Q

Components of bile

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Bile pigments
  4. Bile salts
  5. Bicarbonate ions
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26
Q

Bile salts are composed of?

A
  1. Sodium glycocholate

2. Sodium taurocholate

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27
Q

2 major cell types

A
  1. Hepatocytes

2. Kupffer cells (Ito cells)

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28
Q

6 liver functions

A
  1. Fat metabolism
  2. Carb metabolism
  3. Protein metabolism
  4. Storage
  5. Intermediary metabolism
  6. Secretion
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29
Q

Liver stroma called?

A

Capsule

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30
Q

Interlobular CT of liver

A

Divides parenchyme into hexagonal lobules → usually only seen in portal areas but very prominent in pig

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31
Q

Intralobular CT of liver

A

Very sparse (not seen)

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32
Q

Hepatocyte plates are supported by what type of collagen?

A

Reticular fibers

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33
Q

Reticular fiber is type ___ collagen

34
Q

Hepatocyte shape

35
Q

Hepatocyte histological appearance

A
  1. Vesicular nucleus
  2. Prominent nucleolus
  3. Eosinophilic (usually vacuolated)
36
Q

Hepatocytes contain many?

A
  1. Mitochondria

2. SER

37
Q

SER is involved in?

A

Detoxification

38
Q

Hepatocytes are?

A

Highly specialized, complex cells which perform hundreds of metabolic processes

39
Q

Up to 2/3rds of liver can be removed and still completely regenerate. Why is this?

A

Hepatocytes are capable of mitotic division

40
Q

Kupffer cells are what type of cells?

A

Phagocytic (MPS)

41
Q

Kupffer cell location

A

Line sinusoids

42
Q

Kupffer cell histiologic appearance

A

Only heterochromatic, elongated nuclei seen

43
Q

Sinusoids

A

Blood channels which separate trabeculae

44
Q

Hepatocyte plates are called?

A

Trabeculae (or laminae)

45
Q

Blood flow is ____ bile and lymph flow

A

Opposite → blood flow always toward central vein

46
Q

Dual blood supply of lier

A
  1. Hepatic a. (nutritional)

2. Portal v. (functional)

47
Q

Liver parenchyma structure

A

Hepatocyte plates (trabeculae) separated by sinusoids (blood channels)

48
Q

Portal v. and hepatic a. distributing branches flow into?

49
Q

Blood in sinusoids flows into?

A

Central v.

50
Q

Blood in central v. flows into?

A

Hepatic v.

51
Q

Hepatic v. drains into?

A

Caudal vena cava

52
Q

Fat metabolism functions of liver

A
  1. Oxidising TGs to produce energy
  2. Plasma lipoprotein synthesis
  3. Cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis
53
Q

Bile flows through?

A

Bile canaliculi

54
Q

Bile canaliculi are formed by?

A

Adjacent hepatocyte surfaces

55
Q

Direction of bile flow is toward?

A

Bile ducts in portal areas (retrograde flow)

56
Q

Lymph flows in?

A

Space of Disse

57
Q

Space of Disse aka?

A

Perisinusoidal space

58
Q

Space of Disse is located between?

A

Wall of sinusoid and hepatocytes

59
Q

Bile and lymph flow are both?

A

Retrograde flow

60
Q

Ito cells aka?

A

Stellate cells

61
Q

Ito cells are found in?

A

Space of Disse

62
Q

Ito cell functions

A
  1. Store fat and vitamin A

2. Produce excess CT in abnormal conditions (cirrhosis)

63
Q

2 types of liver units

A
  1. Classical hepatic lobule

2. Liver acinus of rappaport

64
Q

Structure-based liver unit

A

Classical hepatic lobule

65
Q

Function-based liver unit

A

Liver acinus of rappaport

66
Q

Classical hepatic lobule shape

A

Hexagonal; center at central vein → periphery indicated by portal areas

67
Q

Portal tract contains?

A

Portal triad

68
Q

3 parts of portal triad

A
  1. Portal v. branch (biggest)
  2. Hepatic a. branch
  3. Bile duct
69
Q

Liver acinus of rappaport relates to?

A

Disribution of nutrients and O2 along branches of vessels as they leave portal triad

70
Q

Predominant site of fetal hematopoeisis during early gestation

A

Fetal liver

71
Q

Gall bladder aka?

72
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile

73
Q

Gall bladder is absent in what species?

A
  1. Horse
  2. Deer
  3. Rat
  4. Some birds

→ continuous secretion

74
Q

Gall bladder is lined by what type of cells?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Mucosa extensively folded in dog and cat

75
Q

Release of bile and pancreatic juice is controlled by?

A

Sphincter of Oddi and valve systems

76
Q

Release of bile and pancreatic juice is stimulated by?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

77
Q

CCK stands for?

A

Cholecystokinin

78
Q

CCK is what type of signaling molecule?

A

Peptide hormone

79
Q

CCK is released from?

A

Duodenum endocrine cells

80
Q

Why is liver disease difficult to diagnose?

A
  1. Signs not evident until most of liver is damaged

2. Functional complexity (easily confused with other organs)

81
Q

Clinical presentation of liver disease

A
  1. Icterus (jaundice)
  2. Ascites
  3. Lower serum albumin
  4. Hemorrhage (due to clotting defects)

Microanatomy Exam 3 (10 decks)

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