Respiratory System Flashcards
3 primary functions of respiratory system
air conduction
air filtration
gas exchanged
Extrapulmonary airways
everything outside of lung tissue
Intrapulmonary airways
secondary bronchi all the way down to the terminal bronchioles
What do respiratory bronchioles divide from?
terminal bronchioles
Where does gas exchange actually take place?
alveoli
Anthracosis
black staining carbon pigment that outlines secondary pulmonary lobules
the pigment has been consumed by macrophages and is flowing through the lymph vessels
Olfactory receptor cells
bipolar neuron
dendrite projects to surface of epithelium where it dilates and forms an olfactory vesicle
6-8 nonmotile cilia come from this vesicle and fold themselves flat over surface of the epithelium
function in smell
Sustentacular cells
supporting cells
columnar cell with microvilli on apical surface forming brush border
support, nourish, and insulate olfactory neurons
contain lipofuscin
Brush cells
has well developed striated border with a bunch of microvilli on apical surface
basal domain makes contact with CN V on basal lamina
Basal cells
stem cell that replenishes any other cell types that get lost over time
Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands
serous glands
Well bodies
erectile venous bodies found within lamina propria of the mucosa
accumulate/engorge themselves with blood on one side of the nasal cavity, help redirect flow so opposite side can recondition itself and rehydrate
Respiratory epitheliu
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Seromucous gland
found in laryngeal ventricle (saccule)
secretions are eliminated within the ventricle, flow over surface of true vocal cords to keep them moist
Neuroendrocinre cells (cells of Kulchitsky)
can form tumors leading to hypersecretion of hormones
Mast cells
when activated they will contrict smooth muscle in airways, making breathing more difficulte
______ will increase the number of goblet cells further downstream due to irritation
smoking
Where should we find goblet cells?
only down to the level of primary of lobular bronchiole
What cells are found in primary or lobular bronchiole
ciliated columnar ciliated cuboidal goblet basal brush
What cells are found in the terminal bronchiole
ciliated cuboidal
non-ciliated cubodial
club cells
brush cells
What cells are found in the respiratory bronchiole
ciliate cuboidal
non-ciliated cuboidal
club cells
type I pneumocytes
What cells are found in the alveoli
type I pneumocytes
type II pneumocytes
Wall layers of trachea and primary bronchus (inner to outer)
mucosa
submucosa with glands
cartilage (and trachealis)
Wall layers of intrapulmonary bronchi (inner to outer)
mucosa muscularis submuscosa with glands cartilage adventitia
Wall layers of bronchioles
muscosa
muscularis
fibroelastic CT layer
Lactoferrin
binds and eliminates iron from bacteria that feed on iron
protective and antibacterial
lysozyme
destroys bacteria
protective
IgA
secreted by glandular cells
synthesized by plasma cells in CT of sub-mucosa
endocytosed on basal doman, moves through glandular cell then secreted into lumen of duct system to find it’s way to surface of mucosa
Alpha1-antitrypsin
keep proteases in check that are released when there’s a state of inflammation
Asthma leads to an increase of
mucus thickness of basal lamina thickness of lamina propria thickness of muscularis glands in submucosa
Changes because of chronic bronchitis
metaplasia in epithelium
sqollen, edema, dark staining basophilic cells in the BM
hypertrophied muscularis
submucosa have far more gland profiles
Lobular bronchiole
largest
gives rise to terminal bronchiole
As bronchiole gets smaller the epithelium goes from _______ to _______ to ________
pseudostratified
simple columnar
simple cuboidal
What cells are present in the bronchioles
globlet cells (in large bronchioles) brush cells ciliated cells non-ciliated cells neuroendocrine club (in smaller bronchioleS)
Club cells
located in terminal/respiratory bronches
produce surfactant-like substance and CC 16 proteins
stem cell
CC 16 protein
anti-inflammatory
anti-oxidation
Type I pneumocytes
large and tan, flattened squamou cells to decrease blood-air barrier/faciliate movement of CO2
occupy large surface area of alveoulus
Type II pneumocytes
more cuboidal and have microvilli
more numerous than type 1 but significantly less SA
type II alveolar cell fuction
surfactant synthesis and phagocytosis
When does surfactant synthesis begin
20-22 weeks gestation
_____ stimulate synthesis of surfactant
corticosteroids
______ inhibits corticosteroids
insulin
this is why diabetic moms can lead to higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome
What happens to alveolar macrophage during heart failure?
blood damns up heart tissue
fluid gets into lumen
accumulate hemosiderin
What is the blood-air barrier formed by?
surfactant
type I alveolar cell
basal lamina
endothelia
