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Cell Biology Exam 4 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 primary functions of respiratory system

A

air conduction
air filtration
gas exchanged

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2
Q

Extrapulmonary airways

A

everything outside of lung tissue

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3
Q

Intrapulmonary airways

A

secondary bronchi all the way down to the terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

What do respiratory bronchioles divide from?

A

terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

Where does gas exchange actually take place?

A

alveoli

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6
Q

Anthracosis

A

black staining carbon pigment that outlines secondary pulmonary lobules
the pigment has been consumed by macrophages and is flowing through the lymph vessels

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7
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

bipolar neuron
dendrite projects to surface of epithelium where it dilates and forms an olfactory vesicle
6-8 nonmotile cilia come from this vesicle and fold themselves flat over surface of the epithelium
function in smell

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8
Q

Sustentacular cells

A

supporting cells
columnar cell with microvilli on apical surface forming brush border
support, nourish, and insulate olfactory neurons
contain lipofuscin

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9
Q

Brush cells

A

has well developed striated border with a bunch of microvilli on apical surface
basal domain makes contact with CN V on basal lamina

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10
Q

Basal cells

A

stem cell that replenishes any other cell types that get lost over time

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11
Q

Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands

A

serous glands

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12
Q

Well bodies

A

erectile venous bodies found within lamina propria of the mucosa
accumulate/engorge themselves with blood on one side of the nasal cavity, help redirect flow so opposite side can recondition itself and rehydrate

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13
Q

Respiratory epitheliu

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

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14
Q

Seromucous gland

A

found in laryngeal ventricle (saccule)

secretions are eliminated within the ventricle, flow over surface of true vocal cords to keep them moist

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15
Q

Neuroendrocinre cells (cells of Kulchitsky)

A

can form tumors leading to hypersecretion of hormones

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16
Q

Mast cells

A

when activated they will contrict smooth muscle in airways, making breathing more difficulte

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17
Q

______ will increase the number of goblet cells further downstream due to irritation

A

smoking

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18
Q

Where should we find goblet cells?

A

only down to the level of primary of lobular bronchiole

19
Q

What cells are found in primary or lobular bronchiole

A 
ciliated columnar
ciliated cuboidal
goblet
basal
brush
20
Q

What cells are found in the terminal bronchiole

A

ciliated cuboidal
non-ciliated cubodial
club cells
brush cells

21
Q

What cells are found in the respiratory bronchiole

A

ciliate cuboidal
non-ciliated cuboidal
club cells
type I pneumocytes

22
Q

What cells are found in the alveoli

A

type I pneumocytes

type II pneumocytes

23
Q

Wall layers of trachea and primary bronchus (inner to outer)

A

mucosa
submucosa with glands
cartilage (and trachealis)

24
Q

Wall layers of intrapulmonary bronchi (inner to outer)

A 
mucosa
muscularis
submuscosa with glands
cartilage
adventitia
25
Q

Wall layers of bronchioles

A

muscosa
muscularis
fibroelastic CT layer

26
Q

Lactoferrin

A

binds and eliminates iron from bacteria that feed on iron

protective and antibacterial

27
Q

lysozyme

A

destroys bacteria

protective

28
Q

IgA

A

secreted by glandular cells
synthesized by plasma cells in CT of sub-mucosa
endocytosed on basal doman, moves through glandular cell then secreted into lumen of duct system to find it’s way to surface of mucosa

29
Q

Alpha1-antitrypsin

A

keep proteases in check that are released when there’s a state of inflammation

30
Q

Asthma leads to an increase of

A 
mucus
thickness of basal lamina
thickness of lamina propria
thickness of muscularis
glands in submucosa
31
Q

Changes because of chronic bronchitis

A

metaplasia in epithelium
sqollen, edema, dark staining basophilic cells in the BM
hypertrophied muscularis
submucosa have far more gland profiles

32
Q

Lobular bronchiole

A

largest

gives rise to terminal bronchiole

33
Q

As bronchiole gets smaller the epithelium goes from _______ to _______ to ________

A

pseudostratified
simple columnar
simple cuboidal

34
Q

What cells are present in the bronchioles

A 
globlet cells (in large bronchioles)
brush cells
ciliated cells
non-ciliated cells
neuroendocrine
club (in smaller bronchioleS)
35
Q

Club cells

A

located in terminal/respiratory bronches
produce surfactant-like substance and CC 16 proteins
stem cell

36
Q

CC 16 protein

A

anti-inflammatory

anti-oxidation

37
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

large and tan, flattened squamou cells to decrease blood-air barrier/faciliate movement of CO2
occupy large surface area of alveoulus

38
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

more cuboidal and have microvilli

more numerous than type 1 but significantly less SA

39
Q

type II alveolar cell fuction

A

surfactant synthesis and phagocytosis

40
Q

When does surfactant synthesis begin

A

20-22 weeks gestation

41
Q

_____ stimulate synthesis of surfactant

A

corticosteroids

42
Q

______ inhibits corticosteroids

A

insulin

this is why diabetic moms can lead to higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome

43
Q

What happens to alveolar macrophage during heart failure?

A

blood damns up heart tissue
fluid gets into lumen
accumulate hemosiderin

44
Q

What is the blood-air barrier formed by?

A

surfactant
type I alveolar cell
basal lamina
endothelia

Cell Biology Exam 4 (9 decks)

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