Neoplasia Flashcards
Papilloma
benign epithelial tumor possessing finger-like projections of skin or mucosa
polyp
benign protrusion from mucous membrane
Sarcoma
malignant tumor that arises from derivatives of mesenchymal tissue
ex. fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma
carcinoma
malignant tumor derived from epithelia cells
ex. adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
mesothelioma
melanoma (malignant)
Examples of well differentiated tumors
leiomyoma, adenoma of thyroid
Where is carcinoma in situ confined?
to epithelium
Direct seeding of cavity or surface
simplest way in which cancer can spread
ex. colon cancer
Where is a common place for breast cancer to spread to?
axillary lymph node
Hematogenous spread
most common in high volume sites such as lungs and liver
Top three places for cancer to develop in women
1) breast
2) lung
3) colon and rectum
top three places for cancer to develop in men
1) prostate
2) lung
3) colon and rectum
top three cancer deaths in women
1) lung
2) breast
3) colon and rectum
top three cancer deaths in men
1) lung
2) prostate
3) colon and rectum
Adenocarcinoma of prostate
cancer-suppressor genes lost early in course
P53 mutations occur late
loss of E-cadherin
hematogenous spread to vertebral column
Where do must breast cancers happen
UL quadrant
70-80% of breast cancer cell express what?
estrogen receptors
Where do most lung carcinoma derive from?
primary, secondary, tertiary
squamous cell carcinoma
more common in men
people who smoke
adenocarcinoma
more common in women
people who don’t smoke
small cell carcinoma
most malignant
more common in smokers
3 common places for colorectal cancer
1) cecum and ascending colon
2) sigmoid/rectal
3) transverse colon/descending colon
Teratoma
derived from more than one germ layer
possible site: ovary
leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor within myometrium of uterus
well differentiated
How is the prognosis of an anaplastic tumor?
poor - it’s highly aggressive and malignant
What are some characteristics of an undifferentiated tumor skeletal muscle progenitors
giant tumor cells
hyperchromatic nucleus that is intensely basophilic
Typical benign growth will be limited by a _______
capsule
common places for perineural invasion and spread
prostate cancer
pancreatic cancer
cancers confined to head and neck
How does prostate adencocarcinoma usually grow?
in the posterior aspect
can use digital rectal exam to diagnose
What are some lab tests you can perform to look for prostate cancer?
Look for PSA and PSAP
Pedunculated tubular colorectal cancer
tubular projection
submucosa forms the core
Sessile villous colorectal cancer
confined to mucosa
more malignant than pedunculated tubular
TNM for staging of cancer
T- tumor
N- lymph nodes
M- metastasis
TIS
tumor confined to mucosa
ex) carcinoma in situ
T1
tumor has penetrated submucosa
T2
tumor has penetrated the muscularis externa
T3
tumor has completely penetrated the muscularis externa
