Respiratory System Flashcards
nasal cavities description/function
cavity within nose divided into two sections by septum filters and conditions air (warms, moistens) olfaction (smell)
sinuses description/function
Large air-filled spaces int he bones of the face. lessen weight of head warm and moisten inhaled air
pharynx description/function
AKA throat chamber which connects nasal cavities to esophagus & larynx passageway for food, drink, air
larynx description/function
boxlike structure made of cartilage between pharynx and trachea contains vocal cords and glottis allows only air to pass to lower respiratory system source of the voice
epiglottis description/function
flap of tissue reinforced with cartilage covers glottis during swallowing
glottis
opening of the larynx through which air passes
vocal cords
two thick strands of tissue stretched over the opening of the glottis which are responsible for producing sound
trachea description/function
tube reinforced with c-shaped rings of cartilage leads from larynx to bronchi main airway conducting air from larynx to bronchi
bronchi description/function
two large branches of trachea reenforced with cartilage conduct air from trachea to each lung
bronchioles description/function
narrow passageways leading form bronchi to alveoli conduct air to alveoli adjust airflow in lungs
alveoli description/function
microscopic sacs in lungs bordered by capillary networks provide lots of surface area for gas exchange
surfactant
Phospholipid molecules coating the alveoli which keep them open
diaphragm
Concave sheet of muscle that separates abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity which contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation.
intercostal muscles
The muscles in between the ribs which contract during inhalation and relax during exhalation.
Mechanisms of inspiration
Intake of air from the lungs (inhale) caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Mechanisms of expiration
Passive expelling of air from the lungs (exhale) caused by relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled during a normal resting breath.
inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to normal breath.
expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be exhaled in addition to normal breath.
vital capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled/exhaled in a single breath.
residual volume
Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation.
total lung capacity
total amount o fair in lungs after maximal inhalation vital capacity + residual volume
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to oxygen Accounts for 98.5% of transported oxygen
carbinohemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide Accounts for 20% of transported carbon dioxide
carbonic anhydrase
Enzyme within red blood cells which increases the rate of bicarbonate ion formation (lowering CO2 and acidity levels)
List 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported in the body and how much (%) each way contributes.
70% as bicarbonate ion 20% carried by hemoglobin 10% dissolved in plasma
Explain why food does not usually enter the lower respiratory system when you swallow.
Because the larynx rises, causing the epiglottis to close over the glottis.
How is human speech produced?
Speech is produced in the larynx by air moving through the narrowed opening of the glottis, causing the vocal cords to vibrate.
What is the function of the cartilage rings int he trachea?
The rings provide support to prevent the airways from collapsing upon each inhalation, which reduces the pressure in the thoracic cavity.
Which is a larger volume of air: tidal volume or vital capacity? Explain.
Vital capacity, which is the largest breath one can take, while tidal volume is a normal resting breath.
How is 98.5% of the body’s oxygen transported to the cells?
Attached to hemoglobin.
Hyperventilation: a) decreases blood oxygen levels. b) decreases blood carbon dioxide levels. c) increases blood oxygen levels. d)increases blood carbon dioxide levels.
c) increases blood oxygen levels.
Which is the correct pathway of a molecule of oxygen entering the body as it is delivered to a cell? a) nose, pharynx, larynx, alveolus, bronchus, trachea b) pharynx, bronchiole, larynx, alveolus, bronchus, trachea c) larynx, pharynx, alveolus, trachea, bronchus d) nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus
d) nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus
Why must we breathe oxygen? a) Oxygen is broken down to yield energy. b) Oxygen allows us to get more energy out of the food molecules we break down for energy. c) Oxygen stimulates enzyme activity. d) Oxygen is the chemical detected by chemoreceptors that keeps us breathing.
b) Oxygen allows us to get more energy out of the food molecules we break down for energy.
Choose the correct statement: a) Cartilage rings keep the alveoli open. b) The temperature and humidity of the air are adjusted as the air flows through the nasal cavities. c) The larynx changes shape as we speak, creating resonance chambers of different sizes. d) The center of each lung contains a large hollow area in which most of the gas exchange occurs.
b) The temperature and humidity of the air are adjusted as the air flows through the nasal cavities.
In a healthy person, most of the particles that are inhaled into the respiratory system: a) are trapped in the mucus and moved by cilia to the pharynx. b) pass through the alveoli into the circulatory system, where they are engulfed by white blood cells. c) are caught on the vocal cords. d) are trapped in the sinuses.
a) are trapped in the mucus and moved by cilia to the pharynx.
In emphysema: a) the number of alveoli is reduced. b) cartilage rings in the trachea break down. c) the diaphragm is paralyzed. d) the epiglottis becomes less mobile.
a) the number of alveoli is reduced.
The enzyme in red blood cells that reversibly converts carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions is _____.
carbonic anhydrase
Three functions of the nose in breathing.
1) Filtration of air 2) conditioning of air (warm and moisten) 3) smell
Why do the contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles causes inhalation?
Because the contractions create a vacuum in the thoracic cavity which causes pressure to drop, thereby causing air to flow from high pressure to low pressure into the lungs.
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled during a normal resting breath.
tidal volume
Amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to normal breath.
inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be exhaled in addition to normal breath.
expiratory reserve volume
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled/exhaled in a single breath.
vital capacity
Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation.
residual volume
Vital capacity + residual volume =
total lung capacity
cavity within nose divided into two sections by septum filters and conditions air (warms, moistens) olfaction (smell)
nasal cavities
Large air-filled spaces int he bones of the face. lessen weight of head warm and moisten inhaled air
sinuses
chamber which connects nasal cavities to esophagus & larynx passageway for food, drink, air
pharynx/throat
boxlike structure made of cartilage between pharynx and trachea contains vocal cords and glottis allows only air to pass to lower respiratory system source of the voice
larynx
flap of tissue reinforced with cartilage covers glottis during swallowing
epiglottis
opening of the larynx through which air passes
glottis
two thick strands of tissue stretched over the opening of the glottis which are responsible for producing sound
vocal cords
tube reinforced with c-shaped rings of cartilage leads from larynx to bronchi main airway conducting air from larynx to bronchi
trachea
two large branches of trachea reenforced with cartilage conduct air from trachea to each lung
bronchi
narrow passageways leading form bronchi to alveoli conduct air to alveoli adjust airflow in lungs
bronchioles
microscopic sacs in lungs bordered by capillary networks provide lots of surface area for gas exchange
alveoli
Phospholipid molecules coating the alveoli which keep them open
surfactant
Concave sheet of muscle that separates abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity which contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation.
diaphragm
The muscles in between the ribs which contract during inhalation and relax during exhalation.
intercostal muscles
Gas exchange in capillary beds throughout tissue
internal respiration
gas exchange in the lungs
external respiration
What is the most important checmical influencing breathing rate?
Carbon dioxide
internal respiration
Gas exchange in capillary beds throughout tissue
external respiration
gas exchange in the lungs
pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs that causes fluid to accumulate in the alveoli, reducing gas exchange
symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, cough, shortness of breath
can be mild to life-threatening
tuberculosis
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread through respiratory systems. Can remain inactive until immune system is compromised, then showing symptoms
Initial symptoms are flu-like, with later symptoms including fatigue, fever, cough with blood in phlegm.
cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder causing thick, sticky mucus which traps bacteria.
treatment includes preventing and treating infections as well as loosening and removing mucus
bronchitis
viral, bacterial, or chemical inflammation of the mucus membrane of the bronchi, which causes the production of excess mucus, coughed up as discolored phlegm.
emphysema
condition resulting in the breakdown of alveoli, reducing gas exchange and resulting in dead air trapped in lungs. symptoms include shortness of breath
caused most often by cigarette smoke, can also be caused by environmental factors.
