Chemistry Of Physiology

Question 0

Element

Answer 0

Group of one type of atoms

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

Units of matter unable to be broken down further by normal chemical means

Question 2

Molecule

Answer 2

Group of atoms of two or more types

Question 3

Covalent bond

Answer 3

Two or more atoms share electrons in outer shells

Question 4

Ionic bond

Answer 4

Transfer of electrons between atoms results in bond due to magnetic charge

Question 5

Polar molecule

Answer 5

Unequal sharing of electrons results in opposite slight charges on opposite ends of molecule.

Question 6

Hydrogen bond

Answer 6

Attraction between slightly positive charged hydrogen atom and another atom. Not a very strong bond.

Question 7

pH scale

Answer 7

Uses measurement of H+ within a substance to determine it as an acid or a base.

Question 8

Acid

Answer 8

Substance that releases H+ when put in water.

Low pH.

Question 9

Base

Answer 9

Substance which releases OH- when placed in water.

High pH.

Question 10

Buffer

Answer 10

Regulates level of H+ to keep pH consistent.

In blood: carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

Question 11

Macromolecules

Four major types

Answer 11

Molecules containing thousands of atoms with complex structures.

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 12

Polymers

Answer 12

Small repeating subunits which make up macromolecules. Created through dehydration synthesis. Broken down by hydrolysis.

Question 13

Monomers

Answer 13

Building blocks of polymers

Question 14

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 14

Process for covalent bonding between monomers in the synthesis of polymers.

One monomer contributes OH, one monomer contributes H, water is released.

Question 15

Hydrolysis

Answer 15

Process for breaking down polymers.

Addition of water to existing covalent bond within polymer bonds to each monomer and breaks the chain.

Question 16

Carbohydrates

Answer 16

Sugars and starches

Fuel, short term energy storage.

Question 17

Monosaccharides

Answer 17

Smallest type of carbohydrate (simple sugar)

3-7 carbon atoms (6 most common)

Question 18

Polysaccharide

Answer 18

Complex carbohydrate, chain of monosaccharides

Storage of energy, provide structure

In plants:
-starch (storage)
-cellulose (structure)
In animals:
-glycogens (chains of glucose)

Question 19

Disaccharides (3 common types)

Answer 19

Two monosaccharides bonded

Glucose+fructose=sucrose
Glucose+glucose=maltose (beer)
Glucose+galactose=lactose

Question 20

Lipids

3 types

Answer 20

Non-water-soluble (non polar) substances (fats, oils)

Triglycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids

Question 21

Triglycerides

Answer 21

Fats & oils

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids bonded through dehydration synthesis

Saturated or unsaturated

Question 22

Phospholipids (structure and function)

Answer 22

2 fatty acids + Glycerol + P- + Variable group (usually polar)

Two regions

• hydrophilic
• hydrophobic

Two hydrophilic regions attract, creating selectively permeable lipid bilayer structure of cell membrane.

Question 23

Steroids

Answer 23

Type of lipid

4 carbon rings + determining molecules

Types

• cholesterol
• estrogen
• testosterone

Question 24

Cholesterol

Answer 24

Type of steroid making up plasma membrane Foundation for estrogen and testosterone

Question 25

Proteins 4 functions

Answer 25

Polymer made up of amino acids Functions - structure - movement - transport - regulation of chemical reactions

Question 26

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 26

Carbons have only single covalent bonds (saturated with hydrogens) Allows dense packaging, solid at room temp

Question 27

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 27

Some carbons have double covalent bonds with other carbons (potential for boding with hydrogens) Double bonds create kinks in structure, preventing packing of fatty acids; liquid at room temp

Question 28

Amino acids (2 types)

Answer 28

Building blocks of proteins (20 total) Structure: H + Amino group + C + carboxyl group + Side chain (determinant) Amino group & carboxyl group hook together Types: - essential: body can't synthesize, must come from food - non-essential: body can synthesize

Question 29

Peptides Polypeptides Protein

Answer 29

Chains with only a few amino acids Chains with 10+ amino acids Chains with 50+ amino acids

Question 30

Enzymes Layout basic process

Answer 30

Substances (proteins) that serve as catalysts for chemical reactions. Not involved in the reaction. Enzyme + substrate(s) -> enzyme-substrate complex -> enzyme + product(s)

Question 31

Nucleic acid

Answer 31

Genes DNA RNA Created with nucleotides through dehydration synthesis

Question 32

Nucleotides

Answer 32

Phosphate + pentose sugar + nitrogen-containing base (A, G, C, T/U)

Question 33

ATP

Answer 33

Unit of energy in cell Contains 3 phosphates (unstable) and breaking of 3rd P provides energy