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The Human Body > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands (5)

A 
Pineal
Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
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2
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (nervous system)

A

Nervous

–Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (digestive system)

A

Digestive

  • -Stomach
  • -Pancreas
  • -Small intestine
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3
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (circulatory)

A

Circulatory

–Heart

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4
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (renal system)

A

Renal/urinary

–Kidneys

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5
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (reproductive)

A

Reproductive

  • -Ovaries
  • -Testes
  • -Placenta
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6
Q

Neurotransmitters vs hormones

A 
Neurotransmitters
--nervous system
--act locally (released into synaptic cleft to act on receptors of target cell)
--quicker response time
Hormones
--endocrine system
--act remotely (released into bloodstream, encountering all cells but only acting on receptor cells)
--slower response time
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7
Q

Types of hormones (2)

A

Lipid-soluble (e.g. Steroids)

Water-soluble (e.g. Epinephrine)

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8
Q

Lipid-soluble steroids bind

  • to receptors in cell
  • to receptors on cell membrane
A

To receptors in cell

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9
Q

Water-soluble steroids bind

  • to receptors in cell
  • to receptors on cell membrane
A

To receptors on cell membrane

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10
Q

Action of lipid-soluble hormones

A

Synthesis of specific proteins

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11
Q

Action of water-soluble hormones

A

Activates molecule inside cell (second messenger) which influences enzyme activity within cell

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12
Q

Stimuli for endocrine response (4)

A

Other hormones
Nervous system signaling
Changes in certain ions (Ca2+)
Changes in nutrients in the blood (glucose)

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13
Q

Types of interactions between hormones (3)

A

Antagonistic
Synergistic
Permissive

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14
Q

Antagonistic hormone interactions

Definition and example

A

Effect of one hormone opposes effect of another

Ex. Glucagon increases glucose level, insulin decreases glucose level

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15
Q

Synergistic hormone interactions

Definition and example

A

Response of tissue to both hormones is greater than individual hormones

Ex. Epinephrine and glucagon both stimulate glucose release, more glucose is released when both hormones act

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16
Q

Permissive hormone interactions

Definition and example

A

One hormone must be present for another to exert its effect

Ex. Thyroid hormone must be present for aldosterone to stimulate reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules

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17
Q

When the effect of one hormone opposes the effect of another

A

Antagonistic hormone interaction

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18
Q

When the response of a tissue is greater to two hormones than it is to each hormone individually

A

Synergistic hormone interaction

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19
Q

When one hormone must be present for another hormone to exert its effect on tissue

A

Permissive hormone interaction

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20
Q

Hypothalamus-pituitary axis

A

Governs growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction

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21
Q

Governs growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary axis

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22
Q

Hormones of posterior pituitary (2)

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
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23
Q

Hormones of anterior pituitary (6)

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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24
Q

Hormones of the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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25
Q

Hormones of the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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26
Q

Hormones of the thymus gland

A

Thymopoietin

Thymosin

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27
Q

Hormones of the adrenal cortex

A 
Glucocorticoids
--cortisol
--corticosterone
--cortisone
Mineralocorticoids
--aldosterone
Gonadocorticoids
--androgens
--estrogens
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28
Q

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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29
Q

Hormones of the thyroid gland

A 
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Calcitonin (CT)
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30
Q

Hormones of the pancreas

A

Glucagon

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31
Q

Hormones of the testes

A

Androgens

–testosterone

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32
Q

Hormones of the ovaries

A

Estrogens

Progesterone

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33
Q 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Location/Function
A

Posterior pituitary

Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys

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34
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

Location/Function

A

Posterior pituitary

Stimulates milk ejection from breasts
Stimulates uterine contractions during birth

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35
Q

Melatonin

Location/Function

A

Pineal

Promotes sleep

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36
Q 
Growth hormone (GH)
Location/Function
A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates growth and breakdown of fat

37
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

Location/Function

A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates production of breast milk

38
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Location/Function

A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones

39
Q 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Location/Function
A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates synthesis and release of adrenal hormones

40
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Location/Function

A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates egg/sperm maturation
Stimulates secretion of estrogen from ovaries

41
Q 
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Location/Function
A

Anterior pituitary

Stimulates ovulation
Stimulates secretion of estrogen/progesterone by ovaries
Stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes

42
Q 
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Location/Function
A

Thyroid

Regulates metabolism and heat production
Promotes development/function of nervous, muscular, skeletal, reproductive systems.

43
Q

Calcitonin (CT)

Location/Function

A

Thyroid

Regulates concentration of Ca+ in blood to promote healthy muscle function.

44
Q

Glucagon

Location/Function

A

Pancreas

Increases blood glucose level

45
Q

Insulin

Location/Function

A

Pancreas

Decreases blood glucose level

46
Q

Testosterone (androgen)

Location/Function

A

Testes

Develops male secondary sex characteristics

47
Q

Estrogen

Location/Function

A

Ovaries

Develops female secondary sex characteristics

48
Q

Progesterone

Location/Function

A

Ovaries

Develops female secondary sex characteristics

49
Q 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Location/Function
A

Parathyroid

Increases blood levels of calcium

50
Q

Thymopoietin, thymosin

Location/Function

A

Thymus

Promote maturation of white blood cells

51
Q

Organs with endocrine tissue (immune system)

A

Immune

–Thymus

52
Q

Gonadocorticoids

Location/Function/Examples

A

Adrenal cortex

Male/female sex hormones

Androgens, estrogens

53
Q

Mineralocorticoids

Location/Function/Examples

A

Adrenal cortex

Mineral homeostasis and water balance

Aldosterone

54
Q

Alderosterone

Location/Function

A

Adrenal cortex

Increases reabsorption of Na+ into blood (water retention)
Promotes excretion of K+ into urine

55
Q

Glucocorticoids

Location/Function/Examples

A

Adrenal cortex

Affect glucose levels
–act on liver to promote conversion of fat/protein into glucose
–act on adipose tissue to promote breakdown of fat into fatty acids
–conserve glucose by inhibiting uptake by muscle/fat
Inhibit inflammatory response
–slow movement of white blood cells
–inhibit release of inflammatory chemicals

cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone

56
Q

Epinephrine

Location/Function

A

Adrenal medulla

Fight-or-flight stress response

57
Q

Norephinephrine

Location/Function

A

Adrenal medulla

Fight-or-flight stress response

58
Q

Local signalling molecules

Definition/examples

A

chemicals which act on adjacent target cells (fast response)

prostaglandins, growth factors, nitric oxide (NO)

59
Q

Prostaglandins

A

A local signaling molecule

Lipid molecules continuously released by membranes of most cells

Diverse actions (blood clotting, temperature regulation, inflammatory response)

60
Q

Anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit production of ______.

A

Prostaglandins

61
Q

Lipid molecules continuously released by membranes of most cells which have a diverse range of actions

A

Prostaglandins

62
Q

Growth factors

A

A local signaling molecule

Peptides or proteins that stimulate cell growth/development/multiplication when present in ECF surrounding cell

Ex. stimulation of bone marrow cells to produce white blood cells; stimulation of endothelial cells to organize into blood vessels

63
Q

Peptides or proteins that stimulate cell growth/development/multiplication when present in ECF surrounding cell

A

Growth factors

64
Q

Nitric ocide (NO)

A

A local signaling molecule

Assists in dilation of blood vessels.
Assists in peristalsis (rhythmic smooth muscle movement in intestines)
Functions as neurotransmitter

65
Q

Hormone

Definition

A

Chemical messenger of the endocrine system

66
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of growth hormone (GH)

67
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
AKA Somatotrophin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)
AKA somatostatin

A

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit release of growth hormone (GH)

68
Q

Chemical messenger of the endocrine system

69
Q

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of growth hormone (GH)

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

70
Q

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit release of growth hormone (GH)

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
AKA Somatotrophin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)
AKA somatostatin

71
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PrlRH)

A

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of prolactin (PRL)

72
Q

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of prolactin (PRL)

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PrlRH)

73
Q

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit release of prolactin (PRL)

74
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

75
Q

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

76
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

77
Q

Hormone released by hypothalamus which acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

78
Q

Gigantism

A

Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in childhood.
Results in rapid growth, height up to 8-9 feet.

Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.

79
Q

Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in childhood.
Results in rapid growth, height up to 8-9 feet.

Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.

80
Q

Acromegaly

A

Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in adulthood.
Results in enlargement of cartilage/tongue, thickening of bones.

Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.

81
Q

Pathology caused by abnormally high levels of GH in adulthood.
Results in enlargement of cartilage/tongue, thickening of bones.

Can be caused by tumor on anterior pituitary.

A

Acromegaly

82
Q

Dwarfism

A

Pathology caused by abnormally low levels of GH in childhood.

Results in sterility and avg height under 4 feet.

83
Q

Pathology caused by abnormally low levels of GH in childhood.

Results in sterility and avg height under 4 feet.

84
Q

Cretinism

A

Pathology caused by under-secretion of TH during fetal development or infancy.

Results in dwarfism and delayed mental/sexual development.

85
Q

Pathology caused by under-secretion of TH during fetal development or infancy.

Results in dwarfism and delayed mental/sexual development.

86
Q

Myxedema

A

Pathology caused by undersecretion of TH during adulthood.

Results in accumulation of fluid in the facial tissue.

87
Q

Pathology caused by undersecretion of TH during adulthood.

Results in accumulation of fluid in the facial tissue.

88
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Pathology caused by production of antibodies which mimic action of TSH, stimulating thyroid gland.

Results in enlarged thyroid , increased metabolic rate, increased heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss.

89
Q

Pathology caused by production of antibodies which mimic action of TSH, stimulating thyroid gland.

Results in enlarged thyroid , increased metabolic rate, increased heart rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss.

A

Graves’ disease

The Human Body (14 decks)

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