Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine glands (5)
Pineal Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal
Organs with endocrine tissue (nervous system)
Nervous
–Hypothalamus
Organs with endocrine tissue (digestive system)
Digestive
- -Stomach
- -Pancreas
- -Small intestine
Organs with endocrine tissue (circulatory)
Circulatory
–Heart
Organs with endocrine tissue (renal system)
Renal/urinary
–Kidneys
Organs with endocrine tissue (reproductive)
Reproductive
- -Ovaries
- -Testes
- -Placenta
Neurotransmitters vs hormones
Neurotransmitters --nervous system --act locally (released into synaptic cleft to act on receptors of target cell) --quicker response time Hormones --endocrine system --act remotely (released into bloodstream, encountering all cells but only acting on receptor cells) --slower response time
Types of hormones (2)
Lipid-soluble (e.g. Steroids)
Water-soluble (e.g. Epinephrine)
Lipid-soluble steroids bind
- to receptors in cell
- to receptors on cell membrane
To receptors in cell
Water-soluble steroids bind
- to receptors in cell
- to receptors on cell membrane
To receptors on cell membrane
Action of lipid-soluble hormones
Synthesis of specific proteins
Action of water-soluble hormones
Activates molecule inside cell (second messenger) which influences enzyme activity within cell
Stimuli for endocrine response (4)
Other hormones
Nervous system signaling
Changes in certain ions (Ca2+)
Changes in nutrients in the blood (glucose)
Types of interactions between hormones (3)
Antagonistic
Synergistic
Permissive
Antagonistic hormone interactions
Definition and example
Effect of one hormone opposes effect of another
Ex. Glucagon increases glucose level, insulin decreases glucose level
Synergistic hormone interactions
Definition and example
Response of tissue to both hormones is greater than individual hormones
Ex. Epinephrine and glucagon both stimulate glucose release, more glucose is released when both hormones act
Permissive hormone interactions
Definition and example
One hormone must be present for another to exert its effect
Ex. Thyroid hormone must be present for aldosterone to stimulate reabsorption of sodium in kidney tubules
When the effect of one hormone opposes the effect of another
Antagonistic hormone interaction
When the response of a tissue is greater to two hormones than it is to each hormone individually
Synergistic hormone interaction
When one hormone must be present for another hormone to exert its effect on tissue
Permissive hormone interaction
Hypothalamus-pituitary axis
Governs growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction
Governs growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction
Hypothalamus-pituitary axis
Hormones of posterior pituitary (2)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin (OT)
Hormones of anterior pituitary (6)
Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormones of the parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hormones of the pineal gland
Melatonin
Hormones of the thymus gland
Thymopoietin
Thymosin
Hormones of the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids --cortisol --corticosterone --cortisone Mineralocorticoids --aldosterone Gonadocorticoids --androgens --estrogens
Hormones of the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Hormones of the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone (TH) Calcitonin (CT)
Hormones of the pancreas
Glucagon
Hormones of the testes
Androgens
–testosterone
Hormones of the ovaries
Estrogens
Progesterone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Location/Function
Posterior pituitary
Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
Oxytocin (OT)
Location/Function
Posterior pituitary
Stimulates milk ejection from breasts
Stimulates uterine contractions during birth
Melatonin
Location/Function
Pineal
Promotes sleep