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A&P > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbondioxide + water + ATP + heat

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2
Q

What are the four processes of the resp system?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs
  2. external respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
  3. gas transport: O2 and CO2 in the blood
  4. internal respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between system blood vessels and tissues
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3
Q

Name the 5 areas of the conducting zone and whats the purpose.

A
  1. nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. bronchi and their large branches

moves air in and out of the lungs

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4
Q

Name the 3 areas of the resp zone and function

A
  1. resp bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveoli

carry out gas exchange

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5
Q

What is the function of the nose and paranasal sinuses?

A
  • provides airway for resp
  • moistens and warms the entering air
  • filters and cleans
  • resonating chamber for speech
  • contains olfactory receptors
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6
Q

What are the two regions of the nose?

A

external nose and nasal cavity

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7
Q

Describe external nose anatomy

A

root, bridge, dorsum nasai, apex, nares, alae, philtrum

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8
Q

Nasal cavity: location and bones associated with it

  • divided by?
  • what opens into the nasal pharynx?
  • roof made of?
  • ves
A

a. in and posterior to the external nose
b. divided by a midline septum: septal cartilage at front & vomer & ethmoid
c. posterior nasal apertures open into the nasal pharynx
d. roof: cribiform plate of ethmoid & sphenoid
e. floor: hard and soft palates
f. vestibule: nasal cavity superior to the nostrils that contain vibrissae hairs (trap debris from inspired air)
g. olfactory mucosa: lines superior nasal cavity, sense of smell
h. resp mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated columna epithelium, mucous and serous secretions: trap & attack - defenders, cilia move mucus and capture debris, inspired air is warmed by plexuses of caps & veins, sensory nerve endings: sneeze reflex -> expels debris
i. superior, middle and inferior conchae: protrude from the lateral walls, increase mucosal area, enhance air turbulence which slows the flow of air, facilitates warming, humidifying and cleaning of air, reclaiming of heat

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9
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses located and their purpose?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

lighten skull and help to warm and moisten air

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10
Q

Describe rhinitis and sinusitis.

A

Rhinitis: inflammation of nasal conchae: runny nose

Sinusitis: inflammation of sinus mucosa

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11
Q

Name the 3 areas of the pharynx and describe

A
  1. nasopharynx:
    - air passageway only
    - lining: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    - soft palate and uvula close
    - pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) (trap & destroy bacteria)
    - pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes - equalize pressure
  2. oropharynx:
    - passageway for food and air from soft palate to epiglottis
    - lining: stratified squamous epithelium
    - isthmus of the fauces: opening in oral cavity
    - palatine tonsils: back of throat
    - lingual tonsil: posterior surface of tongue
  3. laryngopharynx:
    - passageway for food and air
    - lining: stratified squamous epithelium
    - posterior to upright epiglottis
    - extends to the larynx
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12
Q

Larynx:

  • attaches to?
  • 3 functions
  • 9 cartilages: name 2
  • true vocal cords (function and opening between them?)
  • false vocal cords (function)
A
  • attaches to hyoid bone
  • 3 functions: vocal cords, provides open airway, directs food and air into proper channels
  • 2 cartilages: thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (adams apple)
    epiglottis: elastic cartilage (covers glottis during swallowing)
  • true vocal cords:
    fold of mucosa over vocal ligaments
    vibration produces sound
    opening between them is glottis
  • false vocal cords
    superior to vocal folds
    no part in sound production
    helps closing glottis during swallowing
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13
Q

Name 5 things that factor into voice production

A
  • speech: release of expired air while opening and closing glottis
  • pitch: length and tension of vocal cords
  • loudness: force of air passing over vocal cords
  • resonance: sound quality
  • sound: shaped into language - shape of lips, tongue, soft palate
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14
Q

What is valsalva’s maneuver?

A

assists emptying of rectum and bladder

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15
Q

Trachea

  • what is it?
  • composed of 3 layers: name them and describe
  • trachealis muscle: what is it made of and functions
  • carina: what and where is it and function
A
  • windpipe: from larynx to bronchi
  • mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated columnar - innte most layer
    submucosa: seromucus glands
    adventitia: connective tissue with C shaped cartilage rings - outer most layer
  • made of smooth muscle
    connects posterior parts of cartilage rings
    contracts during coughing to expel mucus
    allows esophagus to expand during swallowing
  • last tracheal cartilage
    point where trachea branches into two bronchi
    cough reflex triggered with foreign matter
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16
Q

Bronchi & Subdivisons:

A
  • trachea branches into two bronchi, left & right (primary bronchi)
  • branches into two lobar (secondary) bronchus
  • branches into tertiary (segmental) bronchus repeatedly until bronchioles are less than 1mm in diameter
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17
Q

What structural changes occur from bronchi through to bronchioles?

A
  • cartilage changes from C ring to irregular plates and then to none in bronchioles
  • epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar with cilia to stratified columnar epithelium with a few cilia and then to simple cuboidal epithelium in the bronchioles
  • smooth muscle increases as tubes get smaller - bronchioles have complete rings of muscle.
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18
Q

How many alveoli account for most of the lungs volume and what are they the main site for?

A

300 million; main site for gas exchange

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19
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

  • how thick is it?
  • what is it made up of?
A
  • barrier between air and blood
  • 0.5 - 1 micrometer thick
  • alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
20
Q

Alveoli:

  • what is it surrounded by?
  • what is the function of the pores?
  • what do alveolar walls contain?
  • What keeps alveolar surfaces sterile?
A
  • surrounded by fine elastic fibers and capillary network
  • pores allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized; and connect adjacent alveoli
  • type 1 sqaumous cells: gas exchange
    type II cuboidal cells: secrete surfacant
  • macrophages
21
Q

What does surfacant reduce?

A

reduces surface tension inside alveoli

22
Q

Lungs and pleurae

  • what do they occupy?
  • what is the lung root?
  • what is the costal surface?
  • describe 4 parts of anatomy
A
  • occupy entire thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
  • root: site of vascular and bronchial attachments
  • costal surface: anterior, posterior and lateral surfaces
  • apex - superior tip
    base - inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
    hilum - attachment site for blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels and nerves
    cardiac notch - makes space for the heart
23
Q

Lungs and pleurae?

  • how many lobes does left and right lungs have?
  • what are lobes divided into and what are they supplied by?
  • what are bronchopulmonary divided into?
  • what is the balance of lung tissue called and what is made of?
A
  • right 3; left 2
  • lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments; supplied by its own artery, vein and segmental bronchus
  • bronchopulmonary segments are divided into lobules served by a large bronchiole and its branches
  • stroma; mostly elastic connective tissue surround alveoli
24
Q

Blood supply to lungs….what are the two circuits?

A

pulmonary circulation; and bronchial circuit

25
Q

Describe the function of each the pulmonary circulation; and bronchial circuit

A
  • pulmonary circulation: carries systemic blood to the lungs for oxygenation (low pressure, high volume)
  • bronchial circuit: carries oxygenated blood to the lungs themselves (high pressure, low volume) - supplies all lung tissue except the alveoli
26
Q

Nerve supply to lungs:

  • what are the two types of neurons used?
  • where do nerves enter?
  • what do parasympathetic fibers do vs. sympathetic fibers?
A
  • automomic motor neurons; and visceral sensory neurons
  • enter lung at root, along bronchial tubes and blood vessels
  • parasympathetic: constrict bronchioles
    sympathetic: dilate bronchioles
27
Q

Pleurae:

  • what is it?
  • where is parietal and visceral pleura located?
  • what is the purpose of pleural fluid?
A
  • thin, double layered serous membrane
  • parietal: on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
    visceral: on external lung surface
  • fills slit-like pleural cavity
    lubricates the lungs
    maintains surface tension between the parietal and visceral layers
28
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:

  • describe pleurisy
  • describe pleural effusion
A
  • pleurisy: inflammation of pleura produces less fluid, more friction; painful breathing
  • pleural effusion: result of left sided heart failure; fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
29
Q

Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity

  • describe atmospheric pressure
  • describe respiratory pressures
  • describe intrapulmonary pressure
  • describe intrapleural pressure
A
  • atomospheric: pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body; 760 mm Hg at sea level
  • respiratory pressures: described relative to Patm; negative resp pressure is less than Patm; positive resp pressure is greater than Patm; zero resp pressure = Patm
  • intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul): pressure inside the alveoli; varies with phases of breath; at rest = Patm
  • intrapleural pressure (Pip): pressure in pleural cavity between two membranes; fluctuates with breathing, always a negative pressure and about 4mm Hg less than intrapulmonary pressure; thoracic cavity must be closed to maintain this negative pressure
30
Q

What is atelectasis? and what is it caused by?

A

lung collapses because of entry of air into thoracic cavity caused by: chest wound - pneumothorax or plugged bronchioles and alveoli collapse

31
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation: inspiration and expiration

- what does ventilation depend on?

A
  • interaction between Ppul, Pip and Patm
  • closed pleural cavity maintaining negative Pip
  • volume changes in the thoracic cavity and resulting pressure changes
32
Q

What is Boyle’s law? Describe.

A

relationship between pressure and volume of gas

ie. decrease in volume = increase in pressure; or an increase in volume = decrease in pressure

33
Q

Quiet inspiration:

  • what type of process is this?
  • describe
A
  • active process
  • inspiratory muscles contract: diaphragm and external intercostals
  • thoracic volume increases
  • intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
  • air flows down pressure gradient into lungs
34
Q

Quiet expiration:

  • what type of process is this?
  • describe
A
  • passive process
  • resp muscles relax
  • thoracic volume decreases
  • pressure inside lungs rises above atmospheric pressure
  • air flows down pressure gradient out of lungs
35
Q

Forced inspiration:

  • what type of process?
  • describe
A
  • active process
  • additional muscles contract to further increase thoracic volume
  • upper chest and back muscles help in raising rib cage even more than during quiet inspiration
36
Q

Forced expiration:

  • what type of process?
  • describe
A
  • active process

- uses abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

37
Q

Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation:

  • describe difference in pressure
  • what is the major source of airway resistance and describe?
  • why is resistance usually insignificant?
  • name two homeostatic imbalances of airway resistance?
A
  • greater the pressure gradient the greater the airflow
  • friction: inverse relationship between the diameter of airway and air flow
  • insignificant because:
    airway in first part of conduction zone are large
    cross sectional area gets bigger as tubes get smaller
    resistance disappears at the terminal bronchioles where diffusion drives gas movement
  • homeostatic imbalances:
    asthma: constriction of bronchioles increases resistance
38
Q

Alveolar surface tension:

  • describe the hydrogen bonds in terms of surface tension
  • what is produced by type 2 alveolar cells and its function?
  • what is IRDS and what is its effects?
A
  • weak bonds formed between H2O molecules cause cohesion
  • surfacant: breaks hydrogen bonds which prevents alveoli from collapsing
  • IRDS: lack of surfacant in lungs of premature infants
    lungs collapse after every breath, hard to reinflate
    treat with a surfacant spray
39
Q

Lung compliance:

  • describe lung compliance
  • the higher the compliance the….
  • why is it normally high? (2 reasons)
  • name 4 factors that can diminish lung compliance
A
  • ability for the lung to respond to changes in transpulmonary pressure
  • less effort needed to breath
  • normally high:
    distensibility of the lung tissue
    surface tension within the pleural cavity
  • nonelastic scar tissue due to chronic inflamation or infection
  • reduced production of surfacant
  • decreased flexibilty of the thoracic cage (could be due to deformities of thorax, ossification of costal cartilage, paralysis of intercostal muscles)
  • blockage of smaller respiratory passages (eg. mucus)
40
Q

Respiratory Volumes and Pulmonary Function Tests:
- what is the purpose of resp volume and capacities?

  • tidal volume and male vs female?
  • inspiratory volume and male vs female?
  • expiratory volume and male vs female?
  • residual volume and male vs female?
  • total lung capacity / formula / male vs female?
  • vital capacity / formula / male vs female?
  • inspiratory capacity / formula / male vs female?
  • functional residual capacity / formula / male vs female?
A
  • to assess a persons resp status
  • TV: air moved in and out with each quiet breath / 500ml both male and female
  • IRV: max amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume
    1900ml female / 3100ml male
  • ERV: max amount that can be expired forcefully after a tidal exhalation
    700ml female / 1200ml male
  • RV: volume left in lungs after a forceful expiration
    1100ml female / 1200ml male
  • TLC: max amount of air contained in lungs after max inspiration
    TV+IRV+ERV+RV
    4200ml female / 6000ml male
  • VC: total air moved in and out with as deep of breath as possible
    TV+IRV+ERV (approx 80% of TLC)
    3100ml female / 4800ml male
  • IC: max amount of air that an be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
    TV+IRV
    2400ml female / 3600ml male
  • FRC: volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
    RV+ERV
    1800ml female / 2400ml male
41
Q

Dead space:

  • what is it?
  • what is anatomical dead space?
  • what is alveolar dead space?
  • what is total dead space?
A
  • some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange
  • anatomical ds: volume of the conducting zone conduits
  • alveolar ds: alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
  • total ds: sum of above non-useful volumes
42
Q

Pulmonary function tests:

  • what is the instrument used to measure volumes and capacities?
  • what can spirometry distinguish between?
  • name two obstructive pulmonary diseases and describes what happens
  • name 3 restrictive pulmonary diseases and describe what happens
A
  • spirometer
  • pulmonary disorders
  • asthma & chronic bronchitis
    increase in airway resistance -> hyperinflation of lungs -> increased TLC, FRC and RV
  • TB, polio and fibrosis
    reduction in total lung function because of reduced lung expansion
43
Q

Alveolar ventilation:

  • what is alveolar ventilation rate?
  • what is normal dead space?
  • what are the effects on AVR during rapid shallow breathing vs. slow, deep breathing?
A
  • flow of gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
  • 150ml
  • rapid shallow breathing = decreased AVR
  • slow deep breathing = increased AVR
44
Q

Non-respiratory air movements:

  • what do they result from?
  • what are they and give a couple of examples.
A
  • reflex action

- non related to breathing but cause movement of air into and out of lungs (eg. coughing, yawning, sneeze)

45
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures:

  • define
  • the partial pressure of each gas is directly….
  • at high altitudes the pressure exerted by each gas is….
A
  • the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas
  • proportional to its percentage in the mixutre
  • proportionately less

A&P (11 decks)

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