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A&P > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

How do muscles move body parts?

A
  1. when they contract they shorten

2. when they shorten they pull on bone

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2
Q

Can muscles push?

A

no, only pull forcefully

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3
Q

When muscles work in opposing pairs what is they called? give an example

A

antagonistic pairs

eg. biceps (flexion) & triceps (extension)

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4
Q

Muscles usually stretch across the joint. Where do they attach?

A
  1. origin - end of muscle that does not move

2. insertion - end of muscle that does move

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5
Q

What direction does the insertion move?

A

insertion moves toward the origin when muscle shortens and pulls bone with it

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6
Q

What are the 5 functional groups?

A
  1. prime movers
  2. antagonists
  3. reversal of roles
  4. synergists
  5. fixators
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7
Q

What are the prime movers?

A

they provide the major force for producing a specific movement

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8
Q

What are the antagonists?

A

oppose or reverse a particular movement

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9
Q

What is reversal of roles?

A

when the prime movers and antagonists can reverse roles

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10
Q

What are synergists? and what is their purpose

A

they add force to a movement: assist the prime mover

they reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement

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11
Q

What are fixators? and what is their purpose

A

they are synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin

they stabilize a joint - maintaining upright posture

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12
Q

What are the 7 criteria used for naming a muscle? and give example

A
  1. location - brachialis
  2. shape - deltoid (triangle)
  3. relative size - gluteus maximus
  4. direction of fiber - external oblique
  5. number of origins - triceps
  6. location of attachments - sternocleidomastoid
  7. action - adductor
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13
Q

What is the muscle dependent on in order to carry out a function?

A
  1. position of the muscle
  2. arrangement of fascicles
  3. lever systems
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14
Q

What does a muscle that crosses on the anterior side produce?

A

flexion

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15
Q

What does a muscle that crosses on the posterior side produce?

A

extension

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16
Q

What does a muscle that crosses on the lateral side produce?

A

abduction

17
Q

What does a muscle that crosses on the medial side produce?

A

adduction

18
Q

Where are circular fasicles found?

A

around body openings (ie. mouth)

19
Q

Where are convergent fasicles found?

A

converge toward a single narrow tendon (ie. pectoralis major)

20
Q

Where are parallel fasicles found?

A

parallel to the long axis of a strap like muscle (ie. sartorius)

21
Q

Where is fusiform fasicles found?

A

spindle-shapes muscles with parallel fibers (ie. biceps)

22
Q

Where are pennate fasicles found?

A

these are short fasicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle

23
Q

Name the three types of pennate fasicles and describe.

A
  1. unipennate - fascicles insert into one side only of tendon
  2. bipennate - fascicles insert from both sides
  3. multipennate - like many feathers side by side (eg. deltoid)
24
Q

What are the 4 components of a lever system?

A
  1. lever
  2. fulcrum
  3. effort
  4. load
25
Q

What is the lever?

A

rigid bone that moves on a fixed point or fulcrum

26
Q

What is the fulcrum?

A

the pivot point (joint, articulation)

27
Q

What is the effort?

A

force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to a lever to move a resistance

28
Q

What is the load?

A

resistance moved by the effort (bones & tissues plus any added weight)

29
Q

What are the 3 lever systems?

A
  1. first class
  2. second class
  3. third class
30
Q

What is a first class lever? and give example

A

fulcrum (joint) between load and effort

(ie. scissors

31
Q

What is a second class lever? and give example

A

load between fulcrum (joint) and effort

ie. wheel barrow, standing on tip toe

32
Q

What is a third class lever? and give example

A

effort applied between fulcrum and load

ie. tweezers, flexing an arm

33
Q

What is the lever system called that works with a mechanical advantage? and why are they called this?

A

power levers

because they move a big load with a small effort but they are slow (ie. jacking up a car)

34
Q

What are other levers called that work with a mechanical disadvantage? and why?

A

speed levers

they are faster but take move effort to move a small load (ie. move a pile of dirt with a shovel)

35
Q

Where do muscles of facial expression insert into?

A

into the skin

A&P (11 decks)

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