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A&P > Chapter 17 up to hemostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 17 up to hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components blood is made of? and what is the percentage of each?

A
  1. plasma (fluid matrix) - 55%

2. formed elements (cells) - 45%

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2
Q

What are the 3 formed elements called and describe?

A
  1. erythrocytes - red blood cells
  2. leukocytes - white blood cells
  3. thrombocytes - platelets
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3
Q

What is the consistency of blood?

A

sticky, opaque, and salty

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4
Q

Describe the color of blood when there is a high content of O2 vs a low content of O2.

A
  1. high O2 = bright red

2. low O2 = dark red

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5
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45 (slightly basic)

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6
Q

What is the core temperature?

A 
38 degrees (core)
37 degrees (periphery)
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7
Q

What portion of body weight does blood make up in the body?

A

8%

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8
Q

What is the average volume in males vs females?

A
  1. females - 4-5L

2. males - 5-6L

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9
Q

Name 3 general functions that blood is responsible for.

A
  1. transports
  2. regulates
  3. protects
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10
Q

What are 3 things that blood transports?

A
  1. oxygen, nutrients
  2. waste products
  3. hormones, other molecules
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11
Q

What are 3 things that blood regulates?

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. blood volume - maintains blood pressure
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12
Q

What are 2 ways that blood protects?

A
  1. blood loss - hemostasis (blood clotting)

2. fights infection

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13
Q

Describe hemostasis generally

A

plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation

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14
Q

Describe 3 ways how blood fights infection

A
  1. WBC’s defend against foreign invaders (macrophages)
  2. antibodies - produced by lymphocytes
  3. complement proteins in plasma
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15
Q

What is the percentage of water that makes up the blood plasma?

A

90%

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16
Q

What is the percentage of proteins that makes up the blood plasma?

A

8%

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17
Q

Describe the breakdown of the 8% of proteins in the blood plasma. What 3 proteins are they and what percent do they make up?

A
  1. Albumin - 60%
  2. globulins - 36%
  3. clotting proteins - 4%
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18
Q

Name the 3 functions of albumin

A
  1. maintains osmotic balance of blood
  2. carrier proteins
  3. pH buffers - stabilize pH
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19
Q

Name the 2 functions of globulins

A
  1. transport proteins (eg. hemoglobin)

2. antibodies - gamma globulins

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20
Q

Name the 2 clotting proteins

A
  1. fibrinogen

2. prothrombin

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21
Q

What is the last 2 percent of blood plasma made up of?

A

dissolved materials

eg. nitrogenous wastes, ions, gases, hormones

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22
Q

How large are erythrocytes? and what are they made of?

A

7.5 microns in diameter

biconcave discs

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23
Q

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

A

no nucleus - anucleate

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24
Q

What happens when they mature and fill with hemoglobin?

A

They lose most of their organelles

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25
Q

What is the most numerous formed element? and what do they make up in the females vs the males?

A

erythrocytes

females - 4.3 - 5.5 million microlitres
males - 5.1 - 5.8 million microlitres

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26
Q

What do erythrocytes use to produce ATP?

A

anaerobic respiration

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27
Q

What enables erythrocytes the squeeze through tiny capillaries?

A

they have flexible protein skeleton so they can change shape

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28
Q

How much hemoglobin makes up a erythrocyte? and what is it adapted for?

A
  1. 97% hemoglobin

2. adapted for gas transport

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29
Q

What are the 3 main functions of erythorocytes (RBCs)?

A
  1. dedicated to respiratory gas transport - carries O2
  2. iron binds reversibly with O2 -> oxyhemoglobin
  3. globin binds reversibly with CO2 -> carbaminohemoglobin
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30
Q

What is the hemoglobin structure made of?

A

protein globin: two alpha and two beta chains

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31
Q

Where does the heme pigment bind onto?

A

each globin chain

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32
Q

Where can the iron atom in each heme bind to?

A

one O2 molecule

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33
Q

How many molecules of O2 can be transported by each hemoglobin?

A

4 molecules

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34
Q

How many molecules of hemoglobin does each RBC contain?

A

125,000,000

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35
Q

How many O2 molecules can one RBC carry?

A

one billion oxygen molecules

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36
Q

What does oxygen loading in the lungs produce? describe its color

A

oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

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37
Q

What does oxygen unloading in the tissues produce? describe its color

A

reduced hemoglobin (dark red)

deoxyhemoglobin

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38
Q

What does CO2 loading in the tissues produce?

A

carbaminohemoglobin

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39
Q

What is blood cell formation called?

A

hematopoiesis

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40
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

in red bone marrow

  • girdles of axial skeleton
  • proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
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41
Q

What do hemocytoblasts (hemotopoietic stem cells) do?

A
  1. give rise to all formed elements

2. hormones control development

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42
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

red blood cell production

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43
Q

What are the 8 phases in erythropoiesis development?

A
  1. hemocytoblast
  2. proerythroblast
  3. early erythroblast
  4. late erythroblast
  5. normoblast
  6. reticulocyte
  7. erythrocyte
  8. released into circulating blood
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44
Q

What stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin (EPO) - hormone produced mainly by kidneys in response to hypoxia. Liver produces EPO too.

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45
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

decreased oxygen content of blood

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46
Q

What are the effects of EPO?

A

more rapid maturation and release of erythrocytes from red marrow

47
Q

What dietary requirement is needed for erythropoiesis and specifically heme synthesis?

A

iron

48
Q

What is needed for iron absorption?

A

vitamin B12 and folic acid

49
Q

What is needed for globin synthesis?

A

amino acids and other nutrients

50
Q

Describe the destruction of erythrocytes starting with their lifespan?

A
  1. life span 100-120 days
  2. old RBCs become fragile, and Hb begins to degenerate
  3. they have no nucleus or organelles so they are unable to synthesize proteins or complete cell repair
  4. macrophages engulf dying RBC’s in the spleen
  5. heme and globin are separated
  6. heme is split: iron is recycled and remainder of heme -> bilirubin -> bile -> stercoblin -> feces
  7. globin is recycled - amino acids used to synthesize new proteins.
51
Q

What does too few RBC’s lead to?

A

hypoxia

52
Q

What happens if there are too many RBCs?

A

increases blood viscosity - harder to pump

53
Q

What depends on the balance between RBC production and destruction?

A

EPO

54
Q

What are erythrocyte disorders causing hypoxia called?

A

anemias

55
Q

What are 4 signs and/or symptoms of anemia?

A
  1. fatigue
  2. paleness
  3. shortness of breath
  4. chills
56
Q

What are the 3 causes of anemia?

A
  1. insufficient erythrocytes
  2. low hemoglobin
  3. abnormal hemoglobin
57
Q

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

acute or chronic blood loss

58
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

RBCs rupture prematurely

59
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

60
Q

What does a lack of EPO indicate?

A

kidney failure

61
Q

What might cause iron deficiency anemia?

A

inadequate diet - impaired iron absorption

62
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

lack of intrinsic factor prevents absorption of Vitamin B12 which is necessary for iron absorption from digestive tract

63
Q

What are two genetic conditions cause by abnormal hemoglobin and are types of anemias?

A
  1. sickle cell anemia

2. thalassemias

64
Q

Describe what happens with sickle cell anemia

A
  1. defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin
  2. hemoglobin becomes rigid
  3. causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations
  4. can not pass through small capillaries - hypoxia
65
Q

Describe what happens with thalassemias

A
  1. absent or faulty globin chain

2. RBCs are thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin

66
Q

Name one other erythrocyte disorder and describe it.

A

polycythemia

excessive RBCs causes increase blood viscosity

67
Q

What is a result from polycythemia vera?

A

bone marrow cancer

68
Q

When does seconday polycythemia occur?

A

less O2 is available or when EPO production increases

69
Q

What do athletes do to enhance RBC production?

A

blood doping - injecting EPO

70
Q

What is a problem that can arise from blood doping?

A

can lead to heart failure

71
Q

What is different from a leukocyte compared to a erythrocyte?

A

leukocytes have nucleated cells

72
Q

What is the percent of blood volume leukocytes take up?

A

1%

73
Q

What do most leukocytes use the bloodstream for?

A

transportation

74
Q

How do the leukocytes move out of the capillaries?

A

diapedesis

75
Q

What is it called if there is over 11,000 microlitres of leukoocytes?

A

leukocytosis

76
Q

What is the lifespan of a leukocyte?

A

days to years (some last a whole lifetime)

77
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A
  1. granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

78
Q

Describe granulocytes

A

have visible cytoplasmic granules when stained with Wright’s stain

79
Q

Describe agranulocytes

A

have no visible cytoplasmic granules

80
Q

Name 3 granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
81
Q

Name 2 agranulocytes

A
  1. monocytes

2. lymphocytes

82
Q

What is the most numerous WBC?

A

neutrophils

83
Q

What type of nucleus does the neutrophil have?

A

multi lobed nucleus

84
Q

What do the granules contain in the neutrophils?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

85
Q

What type of WBC is the first responder to site of injury or infections?

A

neutrophils

86
Q

What type of WBC is common in parasitic infections?

A

eosinophils

87
Q

What types of WBC are strongly phagocytic?

A

neutrophils

88
Q

What types of WBCs are weak phogocytizers?

A

eosinophils

89
Q

How do they digest worms?

A

release hydrolytic enzyme and eat worms from the outside

90
Q

What do eosinophils help to moderate?

A

immune responses

reduce severity of allergic responses

91
Q

What are the rarest WBCs?

A

basophils

92
Q

Describe what the granules of a basophil look like.

A

large, purplish-black granules

93
Q

What do the large, purplish-black granules contain?

A

histamine an inflammatory chemical that attracts other WBCs to the inflamed sites

94
Q

What else do basophils release?

A

heparin an anticoagulant

95
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

lymphoid tissue, and also circulate in the blood

96
Q

What are the two types of cells found with lymphocytes? and describe

A

T-cells - initiate immune response

B-cells - produce antibodies - gamma globulin

97
Q

What is the larges leukocyte?

A

monocyte

98
Q

What color is the cytoplasm of the monocyte?

A

pale-blue

99
Q

What do monocytes turn into?

A

macrophages - “big eaters”

100
Q

What is the production of WBCs called?

A

leukopoiesis

101
Q

What is the production of WBCs stimulated by?

A

chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature WBCs

102
Q

What do all leukocytes originate from:

A

hemocytoblasts

103
Q

Name two types of stems cells for WBC?

A

myeloid

lymphoid

104
Q

What does myeloid produce?

A

neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

105
Q

What does lymphoid produce?

A

lymphocytes

106
Q

Name all the lymphocytes from in order of relative number

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
107
Q

Name three leukocyte disorders

A

leukopenia
leukemias
mononucleosis

108
Q

Describe leukopenia

A

abnormally low WBC count

109
Q

Describe leukemias

A

too many WBCs

110
Q

Describe what causes bleeding in leukemia (3 points)

A
  1. bone marrow occupied with cancerous lymphocytes
  2. immature nonfunctional WBCs released into the bloodstream
  3. insufficient RBCs and platelets produced
111
Q

What causes death in leukemia?

A

internal hemorrhaging and overwhelming infections

112
Q

What is the lifespan of a thrombocyte?

A

5-9 days

113
Q

What do the granules contain in the platelets?

A
  1. serotonin
  2. Ca2
  3. enzymes
  4. ADP
  5. platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
114
Q

What do platelets initiate

A

hemostasis - blood clotting

A&P (11 decks)

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