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A&P > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 vessels in the delivery system that carries blood to and from the heart and describe what they do

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

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2
Q

Name the 3 layers in the arteries and veins

A

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

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3
Q

Which layer does the capillaries have?

A

tunica intima

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4
Q

What is the fluid filled cavity in the centre of the vessels?

A

lumen

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5
Q

What lines the tunica intima and what is its function?

A

endothelium simple squamous epithelium; friction free surface

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6
Q

What is the tunica media made of and what is its function?

A

circular smooth muscle and sheets of elastin; controls diameter of vessel

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7
Q

What controls the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels?

A

vasomotor nerve fibers

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8
Q

What is the tunica externa made of and what is its function?

A

loose network of collage fibers; anchors and reinforces vessel

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9
Q

What additionally does the tunica externa contain and what does large veins have and for what purpose?

A

nerves, lymph vessles and blood vessels; elastin fibers to allow stretch

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10
Q

Name 3 types of arteries

A

elastic arteries

muscular arteries

arterioles

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11
Q

What is the function of the elastic arteries and where are they located?

A

provides low resistance pathway; expand and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart

closest to the heart

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12
Q

Where are muscular arteries located and what is their function?

A

located distal to elastic arteries; vasoconstriction, control blood flow to different parts of the body

deliver blood to body organs

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13
Q

What are the smallest arteries and what is their function?

A

arterioles; control flow into capillary beds by dilating or constricting

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14
Q

Name the two types of arterioles

A

terminal arteriole and metarteriole

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15
Q

What are the microscopic bloods vessels that only allow a single RBC to pass?

A

capillaries

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16
Q

How many layers do the capillaries have and describe? What is the main function of the capillary

A

one layer of simple squamous epithelial cells

exchanges with tissue cells

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17
Q

What are the smooth muscle like cells that reinforce capillary walls and what is their function?

A

pericytes; regulate permeability

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18
Q

Name the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
sinusoidal capillaries

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19
Q

Where are continuous capillaries most abundant and what allows the passage of fluids and small solutes? What connects the endothelial cells?

A

skin and muscles; intercellular clefts

tight junctions

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20
Q

What is the difference between fenestrated capillaries and continuous capillaries?

A

they are more permeable

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21
Q

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries? Where are they located?

A

absorption of filtrate formation

located: small intestines, endocrine glands and kidneys

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22
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries located and what is their function?

A

found in liver, bone marrow and spleen

blood cells and large molecules to pass

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23
Q

What are capillary beds and what do they do?

A

interwoven networks of capillaries form the circulation between arterioles and venules

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24
Q

What are the two types of vessels in a capillary bed?

A

true capillaries

vascular shunt (metarteriole / thoroughfare channel)

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25
Q

What is the function of the precapillary sphincters?

A

regulate blood flow into true capillaries

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26
Q

What is blood flow regulated by in the capillary beds and why is the blood flow slow?

A

regulated by local chemicals and vasomotor nerves

slow to allow exchanges of materials with tissue cells (more efficient exchange due to slowness)

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27
Q

What is the function of the arteriovenous shunts?

A

bypass capillary beds, direct blood to where it is needed

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28
Q

What happens the the size of the vein as blood travels towards the heart?

A

the diameter growsq

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29
Q

What is the function of the venule?

A

collect blood from capillary beds

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30
Q

Describe the venule.

A

very porous: allow fluids and WBC’s into tissues

post capillary venules consist of endothelium and a few pericytes

larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

31
Q

What is the function of the vein?

A

acts as blood reservoirs; collect blood from venules and carry to heart

contain up to 65% of blood supply

32
Q

What are the venous valves function and where are they most abundant?

A

prevent backflow of blood; most abundant in veins of the limbs

33
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

leaky valves

34
Q

What is the venous sinus?

A

flattened veins with extremely thin walls of only endothelium

35
Q

Name the two venous sinus’ and what is their function?

A

coronary sinus: collects deoxygenated blood from cardiac veins

dural sinus: collects blood draining from brain

36
Q

What are vascular anastomoses and what do they do?

A

interconnections of blood vessels

arterial anastomoses provide alternate pathways to a given region (common at joints, abdominal organs, brain, heart)

37
Q

What are the alternated pathways called formed by anastomoses?

A

collateral channels

38
Q

What happens the the size of the vein as blood travels towards the heart?

A

the diameter growsq

39
Q

What is the function of the venule?

A

collect blood from capillary beds

40
Q

Describe the venule.

A

very porous: allow fluids and WBC’s into tissues

post capillary venules consist of endothelium and a few pericytes

larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

41
Q

What is the function of the vein?

A

acts as blood reservoirs; collect blood from venules and carry to heart

contain up to 65% of blood supply

42
Q

What are the venous valves function and where are they most abundant?

A

prevent backflow of blood; most abundant in veins of the limbs

43
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

leaky valves

44
Q

What is the venous sinus?

A

flattened veins with extremely thin walls of only endothelium

45
Q

Name the two venous sinus’ and what is their function?

A

coronary sinus: collects deoxygenated blood from cardiac veins

dural sinus: collects blood draining from brain

46
Q

What are vascular anastomoses and what do they do?

A

interconnections of blood vessels

arterial anastomoses provide alternate pathways to a given region (common at joints, abdominal organs, brain, heart)

47
Q

What are the alternated pathways called formed by anastomoses?

A

collateral channels

48
Q

Define blood flow

A

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period (usually per minute)

49
Q

How is blood flow measured?

A

ml/min

50
Q

Define blood pressure

A

force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood

51
Q

How is it measured?

A

mm Hg

52
Q

What pressure gradient does blood move from?

A

blood moves from high to low pressure

53
Q

What is resistance?

A

opposition to flow; is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters

54
Q

What are the 3 important sources of resistance?

A
  1. blood viscosity
  2. total blood vessel length
  3. blood vessel diameter
55
Q

What happens if the radius is halved in terms of resistance? What happens to the vessel?

A

resistance increased by 16 times

56
Q

What are the major determinants of peripheral resistance?

A

small diameter arterioles

57
Q

Blood flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient…if the pressure gradient increases, blood flow…..

A

speeds up

58
Q

Blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance - if resistance increases, blood flow…..

A

decreases

59
Q

Where is systemic pressure the highest?

A

in the aorta

60
Q

Systemic pressure is lowest in which vessels?

A

the veins

61
Q

Where does the steepest drop occur with systemic pressure?

A

arterioles

62
Q

What does systemic pressure measure as in the right atrium?

A

0 mm Hg

63
Q

Where is arterial blood pressure measured?

A

in the aorta

64
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

pressure exerted during ventricular contraction

65
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

pressure exerted during ventricular diastole

66
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

67
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

average pressure that propels the blood through the body

68
Q

What is the forumla for MAP?

A

systolic - diastolic / 3 then…

plus diastolic = MAP

69
Q

Name 3 main factors influencing blood pressure

A
  1. cardiac output (CO = HRxSV)
  2. blood viscosity and volume
  3. peripheral resistance
70
Q

What is the resting heart rate maintained by?

A

cardioinhibitory center via parasympathetic vagus nerves

71
Q

What is the function of the neural controls and how do they accomplish this?

A

controls of peripheral resistance

  1. maintain MAP by altering blood vessel diameter
  2. alter blood distribution in response to specific demands (ie. fight or flight response)
72
Q

What is the function of the vasomotor centre?

A

cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversea changes in vessel diameter

73
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

moderate constriction of arterioles

A&P (11 decks)

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