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A&P > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

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2
Q

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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3
Q

How many bones in the facial skeleton?

A

14

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4
Q

How many bones in the cranium?

A

8

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5
Q

What is the function of the cranial bones?

A
  1. enclose the brain in the cranial cavity

2. provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

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6
Q

Name 4 functions of the facial bones.

A
  1. framework of face
  2. cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell
  3. openings for air and food entrance
  4. sites for attachment of teeth and muscles of facial expression
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7
Q

Name the 8 cranial bones

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal x2
  3. occipital
  4. temporal x2
  5. sphenoid
  6. ethmoid
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8
Q

Name the four sutures marked in the parietal bones and what they articulate with.

A
  1. coronal suture - articulate with frontal bones
  2. sagittal suture - articulate between parietal bones
  3. lambdoid suture - articulate with occipital bones
  4. squamous suture - articulate with temporal
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9
Q

Where is the occipital bone located?

A

back and base of skull

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10
Q

Name 3 features of the occiptal bone and what they do.

A
  1. foramen magnum - opening for spinal cord
  2. occipital condyls - articulates with atlas (C1)
  3. superior and inferior nuchal lines - attachment for neck and back muscles
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11
Q

Where are the temporal bones located?

A

forms sides, inferior to parietals

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12
Q

Name the 7 features of the temporal bones

A
  1. zygomatic process - articulates with zygomatic bone
  2. mandibular fossa - receives condyl of mandible
  3. external auditory meatus - opening for sound waves to enter ear
  4. styloid process - attachment for tongue and neck muscles
  5. mastoid process - attachment for neck muscles
  6. carotid canals - openings for carotid arteries to pass into skull
  7. jugular foramen - openings for jugular veins to exit from skull
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13
Q

Why is the sphenoid bone the keystone bone?

A

Because it articulates will all cranial bones

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14
Q

Which cavity (saddle like) forms a protective enclosure for the pituitary gland?

A

Sella turcica

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15
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone located?

A

forms bony area between the orbits and nasal cavity

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16
Q

What plate is located in the roof of the nasal cavity and has tiny openings for olfactory receptors?

A

Cribriform plate

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17
Q

Which process of the ethmoid bone anchors the dura mater (outer most membrane covering the brain)?

A

Crista galli “rooster comb”

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18
Q

Which plate forms the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate

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19
Q

Which plates form walls of nasal cavity and cause turbulence in air flow?

A

Superior and inferior nasal conchae

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20
Q

What are the tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures and can be felt on top of head?

A

sutural or wormian bones

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21
Q

Name the 14 facial bones (8 in total not including pairs)

A
  1. mandible
  2. maxillary x2
  3. zygomtic x2
  4. nasal x2
  5. lacrimal x2
  6. palatine x2
  7. inferior nasal concha x2
  8. vomer
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22
Q

What is the largest, strongest bone of the face?

A

mandible

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23
Q

What is the only freely movable joint in the skull?

A

temperomandibular

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24
Q

What is the alveolar margin?

A

lower tooth sockets

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25
Q

Where is the mandibular foramina located?

A

on inside surface of mandible

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26
Q

Where is the mental foramina located?

A

on outside surface of mandible

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27
Q

Where is the maxillary bone located?

A

fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton

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28
Q

What does it articulate with?

A

with all other facial bones except mandible

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29
Q

What does the palatine process articulate with?

A

palatine bone

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30
Q

What is the frontal process?

A

part of the bridge of the nose

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31
Q

What do the two nasal bones form?

A

bridge of nose

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32
Q

Where are the lacrimal bones located and what is their function?

A

located in the medial walls of the orbits and are cavities that house tear glands

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33
Q

Which bone contributes to nasal septum?

A

vomer located inside nasal cavity

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34
Q

Which thin curved bones form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

A

inferior nasal conchae x 2

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35
Q

Which bone is not a skull bone and is located under the mandible?

A

hyoid bone

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36
Q

What is the hyoid bones purpose?

A

attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

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37
Q

Whate are the 7 bones that make up the orbits?

A
  1. frontal
  2. sphenoid
  3. zygomatic
  4. palatine
  5. ethmoid
  6. maxilla
  7. lacrimal
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38
Q

What makes up the roof, lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity? (4)

A
  1. ethmoid
  2. palatine
  3. maxillary
  4. inferior nasal conchae
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39
Q

What makes up the septum of the nasal cavity? (3)

A
  1. vomer
  2. ethmoid
  3. septal cartilage
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40
Q

What part of the skull lightens the skull, enhances resonance of voice, and are mucosa-lined, air filled spaces?

A

paranasal sinuses

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41
Q

What 4 areas are the parasinuses found in?

A
  1. frontal sinus
  2. ethmoid sinus
  3. maxillary sinus
  4. sphenoid sinus
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42
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

26

43
Q

How many regions does the vertebral column divide in?

A

5

44
Q

Name the 5 regions of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae do they each have?

A
  1. cervical vertebrae - 7 vertebrae
  2. thoracic vertebrae - 12 vertebrae
  3. lumbar vertebrae - 5 vertebrae
  4. sacrum - 5 fused
  5. coccyx - 5 fused
45
Q

What purpose do curvatures have in the spine?

A

increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine

46
Q

Name the two posterior curvatures of the spine

A
  1. concave

2. convex

47
Q

Which areas does the concave curvature encompass?

A
  1. cervical

2. lumbar

48
Q

Which areas does the convex curvature encompass?

A
  1. thoracic

2. sacral

49
Q

Name the 4 supporting ligaments and their function

A
  1. anterior longitudinal - prevents hyperextension of back
  2. posterior longitudinal - prevents hyperflexion of back
  3. interspinous - attach vertebra to each other
  4. supraspinous - attach vertebra to each other
50
Q

Name the two parts of the intervertebral discs and describe

A
  1. nucleus pulposus - inner gelatinous core - provides elasticity
  2. anulus fibrosus - outer collar of collagen & fibrocartilage
51
Q

What happens when there is a herniated disc?

A
  1. outer connective tissue ruptures
  2. nucleus pulposus leaks out
  3. if it presses on a spinal nerve there is pain and lost of function
52
Q

What is the most common part of the vertebrae for a slipped disk to happen?

A

lumbar region - holds the most weight and pressure

53
Q

Name the 5 general structures of the vertebrae

A
  1. body - articulates with disc
  2. vertebral arch - formed by pedicles and lamina
  3. vertebral foramen - opening for spinal cord
  4. intervertebral foramina - lateral openings between vertebrae for spinal nerves
  5. transverse foramina - in cervical area only - passages for blood vessels and spinal nerves
54
Q

Name the 7 processes per vertebra

A
  1. spinous process - attachments for muscles, projects posteriorly
  2. transverse process x2 - project laterally, attachments for muscles
  3. superior articular processes x2 - protrude superiorly, articulations between vertebra
  4. inferior articular processes x2 - protrude inferiorly, articulations between verbetra
55
Q

Which vertebrae of the cervical area are typical and describe them

A

C3 - C6 - small bodies and large arches

56
Q

Which vertebra is the atlas and what is its function and what does it articulate with?

A

C1 - allows us to nod up and down and articulates with the occipital condyls of the skull. It has no body or spinous process.

57
Q

Which vertebra is the axis and what is its function?

A
  1. C2
  2. acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas
  3. allows us to rotate our heads
58
Q

Which cervical vertebra has a large spinous process that is not bifid

A

C7

59
Q

Which division of the spinal vertebrae articulates with the rib cage?

A

thoracic vertebrae

60
Q

What division of the spinal vertebrae is the largest and strongest?

A

lumbar vertebrae

61
Q

Which division of the spine has 5 fused vertebrae?

A

sacrum

62
Q

Which two areas does the sacrum articulate with?

A
  1. L5 superiorly

2. hip bones laterally

63
Q

Which division of the spine has 3-5 fused vertebrae?

A

coccyx

64
Q

What does it articulate with?

A

sacrum

65
Q

What are the 3 areas the thoracic (rib) cage is composed of?

A
  1. thoracic vertebrae
  2. sternum
  3. ribs and costal cartilages
66
Q

Name 3 functions of the rib cage

A
  1. protection of thoracic organs
  2. supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
  3. attachment site for many muscles including intercostal muscles used in breathing
67
Q

Name the 3 fused bones of the sternum and what they articulate with

A
  1. manubrium - articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2
  2. body - articulates with costal cartiliages and ribes 2-7
  3. xiphoid process - site of muscle attachment
68
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there and what do they attach to?

A

12 pairs that attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

69
Q

What are rib pairs 1-7 called and what do they attach directly to?

A

true ribs - attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages

70
Q

What are rib pairs 8-12 called and breakdown their attachment locations?

A

false ribs

  1. pairs 8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above
  2. pairs 11-12 have no attachment to sternum (also known as floating ribs)
71
Q

What is the function of the costal cartilages?

A

attach ribs to sternum

72
Q

What is another name for the shoulder?

A

pectoral girdle

73
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

clavicles and the scapulae

74
Q

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. attaches upper limbs to the axial skeleton

2. hold arms free of body

75
Q

What is another name for collar bones?

A

clavicles

76
Q

What does the cone shaped sternal end of the clavical articulate with?

A

manubrium of the sternum

77
Q

Which bone do the clavicles not articulate with?

A

humerus

78
Q

What is another name for the should blades?

A

scapula

79
Q

Which cavity does the humerus fit into?

A

Glenoid cavity

80
Q

What is the attachment point of upper arm muscles?

A

coracoid process

81
Q

What is the largest bone of the arm?

A

humerus

82
Q

What are the two bones of the forearm?

A

ulna and radius

83
Q

What are wrist bones called?

A

carpus

84
Q

Name the 8 bones in two rows located in the carpus

A

“sally left the party to take Cathy home”

proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and pisiform

distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

85
Q

How are the phalanges numbered?

A

1-5 starting with the thumb

86
Q

What is the hip called?

A

pelvic girdle

87
Q

What are the hip bones called?

A

coxal bone or os coxae

88
Q

Name the 3 fused bones each hip consists of

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
89
Q

Describe the difference between the thickness of the pelvis between a male and female

A

male: heavier, thicker
female: lighter, smoother

90
Q

What is the difference in arch between the male and female pelvis

A

male: 50 - 60 degrees
female: 80 - 90 degrees

91
Q

Describe the difference in the sacrum of the pelvis between the male and female.

A

male: narrow, longer
female: wider, shorter

92
Q

What is the longest and strongest bone of the body?

A

Femur

93
Q

What 3 areas does the femur articulate with?

A
  1. proximally with the acetabulum in the pelvis
  2. distally with the lateral medial condyls of the tibia
  3. anterodistally with patellar surface
94
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid bone - forms in a ligament

95
Q

Which bone is the medial leg bone over the big toe also known as the shin?

A

Tibia

96
Q

What does tibia articulate with proximally?

A

Femur

97
Q

What does tibia articulate with distally?

A

talus of tarsals

98
Q

What does tibia articulate with laterally?

A

Fibula

99
Q

Which bone in the leg is non weight bearing?

A

fibula

100
Q

What bone does fibula articulate with proximally and distally?

A

tibia

101
Q

How many tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot?

A

7

102
Q

Which bone in the foot transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneous?

A

talus

103
Q

How many metatarsal bones are there?

A

5

104
Q

How many phalanges altogether?

A

14

A&P (11 decks)

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