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PARA400 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory tract

A

-air conduction: conducts air to the lungs
-air filtration: filters out dust, pathogens, and other particles
-humidification: adds moisture to the air
-gas exchange: facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

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2
Q

what is the inspired air

A

air inhaled into the lungs during the process of breathing, this air consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen(21%), carbon dioxide(0.03%) and trace gases.

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3
Q

what changes during inhalation

A

-humidification: inspired air is humidified in the nasal passage and upper respiratory tract.
-warming: air is warmed to body temperature as it travels through the respiratory tract.
-filtering: nasal hair, mucus and cilia filter out dust, pathogens and other particles.

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4
Q

what is expired air

A

air exhaled from the lungs during the process of breathing out.
composed of: oxygen(16% lower than inspired air), carbon dioxide (4% higher than inspired air), nitrogen (78% same as inspired air) and small gases.

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5
Q

what changes during exhalation

A

-CO2 loading: carbon dioxide is produced by cellular metabolism and is transported to the lungs.
-water vapour: air is saturated with water vapour increasing its humidity.
-temperature: air is cooled as it moves through the respiratory tract.

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6
Q

what is the tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, quiet breath. (mL or L). (approx 500mL, lower for children and infants).

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7
Q

what makes tidal volume important

A

-breathing efficiency
-assessment of respiratory function
-factors influencing tidal volume
-body size and composition
-age
-respiratory rate
-health conditions

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8
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract consisted off and what are their functions

A

-nose and naval cavity: warm, humidifies and filters air.
-pharynx (throat): passageway for air and food.
-larynx (voice box): contains the vocal cords and is involved in sound production.

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9
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract consisted off and what are their functions

A

-trachea (windpipe): conducts air to the bronchi; has cartilage rings for support.
-bronchi: two main branches (right and left) leading to each lung, further dividing into smaller bronchi.
-bronchioles: smaller airways branching from the bronchi, ending in alveoli.
-alveoli: tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, surrounded by capillaries.

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nose

A

-air filtration
-air warming and humidification
-sense of smell
-resonance of voice

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11
Q

what are the functions of the mouth (oral cavity)

A

-digestion (mechanical and chemical)
-breathing
-speech
-taste
-immune defence.

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12
Q

what are the functions of the pharynx

A

-air passage
-food passage
-immunological role
-speech

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13
Q

what are the functions of the larynx

A

-airway protection
-voice production
-air passage
-cough reflex

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14
Q

what are the functions of the trachea

A

-air conduction
-air filtration
-cough reflex

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15
Q

what are the functions of the pleura (thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs)

A

-lubrication
-pressure regulator

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16
Q

what are the functions of the bronchi

A

-air distribution
-air filtration
-regulation of airflow

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17
Q

what are the functions of the bronchioles

A

-air distribution
-regulation of airflow
-gas exchange

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18
Q

what are the functions of the alveolar ducts

A

-air transport
-gas exchange
-regulation of airflow

19
Q

what are the functions of the alveoli

A

-gas exchange (oxygen transfer and carbon dioxide removal)
-surfactant production
-maintenance of gas exchange surface

20
Q

what are the functions of the bronchial arteries

A

supplying oxygenated blood to the lungs, these branch off from the aorta and provide oxygenated blood to the lung tissue, including the bronchi, connective tissue and pleura.
2 supplying the left lung
1 supplying the right lung

21
Q

what are the mechanics of inspiration

A

-muscle action: diaphragm contracts and moves downwards and external intercostal muscles contract to lift the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity laterally.
-pressure changes: intrapulmonary pressure, decreases below atmospheric pressure, creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs. intrapleural pressure, more negative due to expansion of thoracic cavity assisting lung expansion.
-lung expansion: increases thoracic volume.

22
Q

what are the mechanics of expiration

A

-diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards.
-internal intercostal muscles: pulls ribs downwards and inward, decreasing thoracic volume.
-intrapulmonary pressure increases bone atmospheric pressure due to the decrease in thoracic volume.
-intrapleural pressure: returns to normal negative value as thoracic cavity decreases in volume.
-lung compression: decrease in thoracic volume leads to lung compression, pushing air out of the alveoli’s and into the atmosphere.

23
Q

what is quiet breathing

A

-inspiration: passive, driven by the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals.
-expiration: Typically, passive during quiet breathing due to elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall.

24
Q

what is forced breathing

A

-inspiration: Involves additional muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles to increase thoracic volume further.
-expiration: Can be active, involving abdominal muscles and internal intercostals to force air out more rapidly.

25
Q

what are the functions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

-external intercostal muscles: elevate the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity during inspiration.
-internal intercostal muscles: depress the ribs and decrease the thoracic cavity volume during forced expiration.

26
Q

what are they main steps of gas exchange

A

1-oxygen transport to alveoli
2-diffusion of oxygen
3-carbon dioxide transport to alveoli
4-diffusion of carbon dioxide

27
Q

what are the mechanisms of gas exchange

A

oxygen transport:
-diffusion: from alveoli to capillaries and binding to haemoglobin.
carbon dioxide transport:
-diffusion: from capillaries to alveoli and exhalation.

28
Q

what factors affect gas exchange

A

-surface area
-membrane thickness
-partial pressure gradients

29
Q

what are respiratory centres and what are the key respiratory centres

A

Respiratory centres are specialised areas in the brain responsible for regulating and controlling the rate and depth of breathing.
key respiratory centres:
-medullary respiratory centres (in medulla oblongata)
-pontine respiratory centres (in brainstem)

30
Q

how is breathing controlled

A

-voluntary control: cerebral cortex
-automatic control: chemoreceptors
-reflexive control: lung stretch receptors and other reflexes.

31
Q

what is the respiratory rate and what are the normal values

A

number of breaths taken per minute
normal values:
-adults: 12-20 breaths per min
-children: 20-30 breaths per min
-infants: 30-60 breaths per min

32
Q

what factors influence breathing

A

physiological factors:
-activity level
-age
-body temperature
chemical factors
-blood gas levels
-blood pH levels
emotional factors
-stress and anxiety
-pain
environmental factors
-attitude
-temperature
medical conditions
-respiratory conditions
-cardiac conditions

33
Q

what is respiratory arrest and what are the effects and consequences

A

condition where breathing completely stops
-immediate effects: anoxia and loss of consciousness
-systemic effects: cardiac arrest and organ failure
-long term consequences: brain damage and permanent disability.

34
Q

what are the causes of respiratory arrest

A

-obstructive: blockage in the airway
-central: failure of the respiratory centres in the brainstem to send signals
-neuromuscular; impairment of the muscles involved in breathing
-respiratory muscle fatigue: exhaustion of respiratory muscles due to prolonged efforts to breathe

35
Q

what are the initial responses of respiratory arrest

A

-hypercapnia; accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to cessation of ventilation.
-hypoxemia: rapid decline in blood oxygen levels
-increased heart rate: initial attempt to compensate for low oxygen levels
-vasoconstriction: redistribution of blood flow to vital organs.

36
Q

what is asthma

A

inflammation and narrowing of the airways leading to difficulty in breathing and characterised by expiratory wheeze.
pathophysiology:
-inflammation: chronic inflammation of bronchial mucosa.
-bronchoconstriction: tightening of the muscles around the airways
-hyperresponsiveness: increased sensitivity of the airways to various stimuli
-mucus production: excess mucus secretion that can obstruct airways.

37
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchial tubes which carry air to and from the lungs
pathophysiology:
-inflammation; swelling and irritation of the bronchial tubes
-mucus production: increased mucus secretion, leading to obstruction
-airflow limitation: difficulty of moving air inland out of the lungs due to music and inflammation

38
Q

what is emphysema

A

chronic lung condition characterized by the destruction of the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, leading to impaired respiratory function.
pathophysiology:
-Alveolar Damage: The walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
-Loss of Elasticity: The lung tissues lose their elasticity, causing air to become trapped in the alveoli.
-Airway Collapse: Small airways collapse during exhalation, further trapping air in the lungs.
-Impaired Gas Exchange: Reduced oxygen (O₂) absorption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) elimination due to alveolar destruction.

39
Q

what is COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A

progressive lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities.
pathophysiology:
-Airflow Limitation: Due to a combination of small airway disease (e.g., chronic bronchitis) and parenchymal destruction (e.g., emphyse
-Inflammation: Chronic inflammation causes structural changes and narrowing of the small airways.
-Mucus Hypersecretion: Excessive mucus production blocks the airways.
-Alveolar Destruction: Loss of alveolar walls and capillary beds reduces the surface area for gas exchange.

40
Q

what is obstructive shock

A

Obstructive shock is a form of shock that occurs due to physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself, leading to reduced cardiac output and inadequate tissue perfusion.

Significance: It is a life-threatening condition requiring prompt recognition and treatment.

41
Q

what is the pathophysiology of obstructive shock

A

Mechanical Obstruction: Physical blockage impedes blood flow through the circulatory system.

Decreased Preload or Increased Afterload: Obstructions can prevent the heart from filling properly (decreased preload) or cause resistance to blood being pumped out (increased afterload).

Reduced Cardiac Output: The heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs.

Tissue Hypoperfusion: Inadequate blood flow leads to cellular hypoxia and metabolic acidosis.

42
Q

what are the symptoms of obstructive shock

A

Hypotension: Low blood pressure due to impaired cardiac output.

Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate as a compensatory mechanism.

Dyspnoea: Difficulty breathing due to inadequate blood flow and oxygenation.

Chest Pain: Varies based on the underlying cause.

Altered Mental Status: Confusion or loss of consciousness due to poor cerebral perfusion.

+/- Signs of Right Heart Failure: Jugular venous distention, peripheral oedema.

43
Q

what are the symptoms of obstructive shock

A

RR: increases
HR: increases
SPO2: decreases
BP: decreases
CRT: up or down
Temp: no change
mental status: up or down.

PARA400 (12 decks)

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