musculoskeletal system

Question 1

what are the functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

-support
-movement
-protection
production of blood cells
-storage of minerals

Question 2

what are the two different parts if the skeleton

Answer 2

appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles)(legs, arms, etc)
axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)

Question 3

give examples of girdles

Answer 3

shoulder and pelvic girdles

Question 4

what are the functions of the bones

Answer 4

-support-provide structure and shape to body.
-protection- protects internal organs
-movement- acts as levers for muscle action
-mineral storage- stores essential minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
-blood cell production- produced in bone marrow.

Question 5

what are the functions of the muscles

Answer 5

-movement- contraction and relaxation
-posture- maintain body posture
-heat production- generates heat during contraction to maintain body temp

Question 6

what are the functions of the joints

Answer 6

-movement: allows bones to move relative to each other.
-flexibility- enables various types of movements
-stability- support and stability to skeleton

Question 7

what are the three connective tissues

Answer 7

-tendons- connect muscles to bone, enable movement
-ligaments- connects bones to other bones, provide joint stability.
-cartilage- provides cushioning and reduces friction in joints

Question 8

what are the different types of bones

Answer 8

-long bones-e,g: femur, humerous
-short bones- e.g: tarsals, carpals
-flat bones- e.g: skull, ribs
- irregular bones: complex shapes.
-sesamoid bones- e.g: patella

Question 9

define the diaphysis

Answer 9

the shaft or central part of the long bone

Question 10

what are the functions of the diaphysis

Answer 10

provides strong support and houses the medullary cavity (which contains bone marrow)

Question 11

define the epiphysis

Answer 11

the rounded ends of a long bone

Question 12

what are the functions of the epiphysis

Answer 12

provides a larger surface area for muscle attachment and participates in joint formation.
aids formation of red blood cells.

Question 13

anatomy marrow

Question 14

what are the functions of the skull and what are the key bones

Answer 14

protects the brain and supports the structure of the face.
cranium and facial bones

Question 15

what are the functions of the spine

Answer 15

protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides attachments for ribs and muscles.

Question 16

what are the different sections to the spine

Answer 16

cervical spine-7
thoracic spine -12
lumbar spine-5
sacrum -5
coccyx-4
in total there are 33 vertebrae.

Question 17

what are the functions of the rib cage

Answer 17

protects the heart and lungs, supports upper body
key bones: sternum.

Question 18

what are the functions of the upper limb

Answer 18

provides mobility and dexterity, enables manipulations of objects

Question 19

what are the functions of the lower limb

Answer 19

supports body weight and enables locomotion

Question 20

what are the functions of the pelvis

Answer 20

supports weight of the upper body, protects pelvis organs, provides attachment for lower limbs.

Question 21

what are skeletal muscles

Answer 21

voluntary muscles attached to bones, responsible for body movement.

Question 22

what are the three main parts of the muscles

Answer 22

-muscle fibers
-myofibrils
-sarcomeres (allowing the siding filament theory to occur).

Question 23

what is the sliding filament theory

Answer 23

myosin heads bind to actin filaments and pull them towards the centre of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle. (their energy source is ATP)

Question 24

what are the functions of the smooth muscle

Answer 24

movement of substances through the body, involuntary movements.

Question 25

what are the functions of the cardiac muscle

Answer 25

responsible for pumping blood

Question 26

what are the two main muscles in the head and neck, and what are their functions

Answer 26

-masseter: (side of the jaw)- elevates the mandible, essential for chewing.
-sternocleidomastoid: (runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull)- rotates and flexes the neck.

Question 27

what are some muscles in the trunk area and what is their function

Answer 27

-pectoralis major: (chest)- adducts and medially rotates the body.
-latissimus dorsi: (lower back)- extends, adducts and medially routes the arm.
-rectus abdominis: (front of the abdomen)- flexes the vertebral column, compresses abdominal contents.

Question 28

what are some muscles in the upper limb and what is their function

Answer 28

-deltoid: (shoulder)- abducts the arm, also involved in flexion and extension
-biceps: (front of the upper arm)- flexes the elbow, supinates the forearm (rotation of forearm so hand faces up or down)
-triceps: (back of the upper arm)- extends the elbow.

Question 29

what are some muscles in the lower limb and what is their function

Answer 29

-quadriceps: (front of the thigh)- extends the knee
-hamstrings: (back of the thigh)- flexes the knee, extends the hip.
-gastrocnemius and soleus: (calf)- plants flexes the foot, flexes the knee.

Question 30

what are some muscles in the pelvis and what is their function

Answer 30

-gluteal muscles: hip extension, abduction and external rotation.
-adductor group: adducts the hip.

Question 31

what are the three classifications of joints

Answer 31

-fixed joints - immovable (connected by ease connective tissue)
-slightly movable joints - limited movement (connected by cartilage)
-freely movable joints - wide range of movement (free moving joints with a synovial cavity)

Question 32

what are the synovial joints

Answer 32

-ball and socket - e.g: shoulder, hip- moves in all directions.
-hinge - e.g: elbow and knee- movement in one plane.
-pivot - e.g; atlas and axis (neck)- rotation around a single axis.
-saddle - e.g: thump- movement in two planes
-plane– e.g: inter carpal (wrist)- gliding movements.
-condyloid - e.g: radiocarpal joint (wrist)- movement in two planes.

Question 33

what is the function of the tendons and what are they

Answer 33

they are dense fibrous connective tissue, primarily collagen.
they connect muscle to bone, transmits force for movement.

Question 34

what is the function of the ligaments and what are they

Answer 34

they are dense fibrous connective tissue, primarily collagen.
they connect bone to bone and provide joint stability.

Question 35

what are the three types of cartilage

Answer 35

-hyaline cartilage: (end of long bones, nose and trachea)- provides smooth surfaces for joint movement, flexibility and support.
-fibrocartilage: (intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)- provides support and rigidity.
-elastic cartilage: (external ear, epiglottis)- provides strong and elasticity.

Question 36

what are some of the signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries

Answer 36

-pain
-loss of power
-unnatural movement
-swelling or bruising
-deformity
-irregularity
-crepitus
-tenderness

Question 37

what is the definition of a sprain

Answer 37

when a ligament gets stretched or torn.

Question 38

what is the definition of a strain

Answer 38

when a muscle or tendon are overstretched or torn.
commonly due to overuse or sudden movements.

Question 39

what is the definition of a dislocation

Answer 39

occurs when the bones in a joint are forced out of their normal positions, disrupting their alignment.

Question 40

what is the definition of a subluxation

Answer 40

refers to a partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint.
when the bones in a joint are misaligned.

Question 41

what is the definition of shock

Answer 41

felling of faintness, dizziness or nausea as a result of the shock from breaking a bone is often referred to as traumatic shock or emotional shock.
refers to the physical and physiological response to severe trauma, emotional shock which encompasses the psychological reaction to the trauma.