musculoskeletal system Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeleton
-support
-movement
-protection
production of blood cells
-storage of minerals
what are the two different parts if the skeleton
appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles)(legs, arms, etc)
axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
give examples of girdles
shoulder and pelvic girdles
what are the functions of the bones
-support-provide structure and shape to body.
-protection- protects internal organs
-movement- acts as levers for muscle action
-mineral storage- stores essential minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
-blood cell production- produced in bone marrow.
what are the functions of the muscles
-movement- contraction and relaxation
-posture- maintain body posture
-heat production- generates heat during contraction to maintain body temp
what are the functions of the joints
-movement: allows bones to move relative to each other.
-flexibility- enables various types of movements
-stability- support and stability to skeleton
what are the three connective tissues
-tendons- connect muscles to bone, enable movement
-ligaments- connects bones to other bones, provide joint stability.
-cartilage- provides cushioning and reduces friction in joints
what are the different types of bones
-long bones-e,g: femur, humerous
-short bones- e.g: tarsals, carpals
-flat bones- e.g: skull, ribs
- irregular bones: complex shapes.
-sesamoid bones- e.g: patella
define the diaphysis
the shaft or central part of the long bone
what are the functions of the diaphysis
provides strong support and houses the medullary cavity (which contains bone marrow)
define the epiphysis
the rounded ends of a long bone
what are the functions of the epiphysis
provides a larger surface area for muscle attachment and participates in joint formation.
aids formation of red blood cells.
anatomy marrow
what are the functions of the skull and what are the key bones
protects the brain and supports the structure of the face.
cranium and facial bones
what are the functions of the spine
protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides attachments for ribs and muscles.
what are the different sections to the spine
cervical spine-7
thoracic spine -12
lumbar spine-5
sacrum -5
coccyx-4
in total there are 33 vertebrae.
what are the functions of the rib cage
protects the heart and lungs, supports upper body
key bones: sternum.
what are the functions of the upper limb
provides mobility and dexterity, enables manipulations of objects
what are the functions of the lower limb
supports body weight and enables locomotion
what are the functions of the pelvis
supports weight of the upper body, protects pelvis organs, provides attachment for lower limbs.
what are skeletal muscles
voluntary muscles attached to bones, responsible for body movement.
what are the three main parts of the muscles
-muscle fibers
-myofibrils
-sarcomeres (allowing the siding filament theory to occur).
what is the sliding filament theory
myosin heads bind to actin filaments and pull them towards the centre of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle. (their energy source is ATP)
what are the functions of the smooth muscle
movement of substances through the body, involuntary movements.
what are the functions of the cardiac muscle
responsible for pumping blood
what are the two main muscles in the head and neck, and what are their functions
-masseter: (side of the jaw)- elevates the mandible, essential for chewing.
-sternocleidomastoid: (runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull)- rotates and flexes the neck.
what are some muscles in the trunk area and what is their function
-pectoralis major: (chest)- adducts and medially rotates the body.
-latissimus dorsi: (lower back)- extends, adducts and medially routes the arm.
-rectus abdominis: (front of the abdomen)- flexes the vertebral column, compresses abdominal contents.
what are some muscles in the upper limb and what is their function
-deltoid: (shoulder)- abducts the arm, also involved in flexion and extension
-biceps: (front of the upper arm)- flexes the elbow, supinates the forearm (rotation of forearm so hand faces up or down)
-triceps: (back of the upper arm)- extends the elbow.
what are some muscles in the lower limb and what is their function
-quadriceps: (front of the thigh)- extends the knee
-hamstrings: (back of the thigh)- flexes the knee, extends the hip.
-gastrocnemius and soleus: (calf)- plants flexes the foot, flexes the knee.
what are some muscles in the pelvis and what is their function
-gluteal muscles: hip extension, abduction and external rotation.
-adductor group: adducts the hip.
what are the three classifications of joints
-fixed joints - immovable (connected by ease connective tissue)
-slightly movable joints - limited movement (connected by cartilage)
-freely movable joints - wide range of movement (free moving joints with a synovial cavity)
what are the synovial joints
-ball and socket - e.g: shoulder, hip- moves in all directions.
-hinge - e.g: elbow and knee- movement in one plane.
-pivot - e.g; atlas and axis (neck)- rotation around a single axis.
-saddle - e.g: thump- movement in two planes
-plane– e.g: inter carpal (wrist)- gliding movements.
-condyloid - e.g: radiocarpal joint (wrist)- movement in two planes.
what is the function of the tendons and what are they
they are dense fibrous connective tissue, primarily collagen.
they connect muscle to bone, transmits force for movement.
what is the function of the ligaments and what are they
they are dense fibrous connective tissue, primarily collagen.
they connect bone to bone and provide joint stability.
what are the three types of cartilage
-hyaline cartilage: (end of long bones, nose and trachea)- provides smooth surfaces for joint movement, flexibility and support.
-fibrocartilage: (intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)- provides support and rigidity.
-elastic cartilage: (external ear, epiglottis)- provides strong and elasticity.
what are some of the signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries
-pain
-loss of power
-unnatural movement
-swelling or bruising
-deformity
-irregularity
-crepitus
-tenderness
what is the definition of a sprain
when a ligament gets stretched or torn.
what is the definition of a strain
when a muscle or tendon are overstretched or torn.
commonly due to overuse or sudden movements.
what is the definition of a dislocation
occurs when the bones in a joint are forced out of their normal positions, disrupting their alignment.
what is the definition of a subluxation
refers to a partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint.
when the bones in a joint are misaligned.
what is the definition of shock
felling of faintness, dizziness or nausea as a result of the shock from breaking a bone is often referred to as traumatic shock or emotional shock.
refers to the physical and physiological response to severe trauma, emotional shock which encompasses the psychological reaction to the trauma.
