paediatrics and human growth and development Flashcards
what age is a paediatric
anyone under 18
what are some upper respiratory system differences between paediatrics and adults
-disproportionally larger tongue
-high up epiglottis
-narrower more fragile airway
-smaller airway
-less cartilage
-cilia are more immature
-paediatrics have more mucus cells
-mainly ‘nose breathers’
what shape is a paediatrics airway
funnel shape (adults is straight)
what are some lower respiratory system differences between paediatrics and adults
-funnel shapes
-fewer smaller and shallower alveoli
-greater O2 diffusion distances
-chest wall is weaker
-lungs are less complaint
-‘box-like- rib cage
what are the signs of respiratory distress
-tachycardia
-tachypnoea
-drooling
-wheezing
-stridor
-head bobbing
-accessory muscles
what are the signs of respiratory failure
-cyanosis
-altered conscious level
-apnoea
is the HR of a baby higher or lower than an adults
higher, heart is much smaller.
what is cardiac output
volume of blood pumped from the left/right ventricle
CO (ml/min) = SV (ml/beat) x HR (beat/min)
what are other differences in a and p in paediatrics compared to adults
-relatively large surface area, and they cool quickly.
-poorly developed thermoregulation
-prone to hypoglycaemia
-liver and spleen are less well produced by the ribs
-bladder extends out of the pelvis
when is the germinal stage and what are the key events
first 2 weeks after conception
-fertilization
-cell division
-blastocyst formation
-journey to uterus
-implantation
what factors affect cell division
-genetics
-interactions with environment
-nutrition
-micronutrients
-environmental factors (physical, socioeconomic and parental and community influence)
what is growth
Increase in size, mass, and number of cells resulting in an increase in body size.
Measurable changes in physical attributes such as height, weight, and head circumference.
what is development
Progressive acquisition of skills and abilities through various stages of life.
Involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
what is bone growth
the process by which bones increase in size and density, critical for overall skeletal development and health.
what are the two different types of bone growth
-Intramembranous Ossification: Formation of flat bones (e.g., skull, clavicles).
-Endochondral Ossification: Formation of long bones (e.g., femur, humerus) and most of the skeleton.
what is intramembranous ossification and how are they formed
formation of flat bones
-Some cells in the body change into bone-forming cells.
-These cells start producing bone in certain areas.
-As they build bone, they get stuck and turn into mature bone cells.
-The bone forms a spongy structure.
-A tough outer layer forms on the bone’s surface, helping create a hard, compact bone
what is endochondral ossification and how are they formed
formation of long bones
-Certain cells change into cartilage cells, creating a cartilage model of the bone.
-The cartilage model grows and starts hardening.
-Blood vessels enter the hardened cartilage, bringing bone-forming cells.
-These cells replace the cartilage with bone in the centre of the bone.
-Additional bone-forming areas develop at the ends of the bone, helping it grow longer.
-Growth plates allow the bone to keep growing in length until you stop growing as an adult.
what is the laymen term for itramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
intramembranous: formation of flat bones
endochrondral: formation of long bones
what are growth plates on bones
areas of cartilage located at the ends of long bones where bone growth occurs in children and adolescents. they are critical for long bone growth.
when and how do growth plates close
they typically close between ages 16 and 21, depending on genetics, sex, and hormonal influences.
they close due to hormonal changes during puberty, growth plates thin and eventually ossify, transforming into solid bone and ceasing further lengthening.
what factors affect bone growth
-genetics
-hormones (growth, thyroid and sex hormones)
-nutrition
-physical activity
-injury and disease.
what considerations must paramedics make regarding growth plates.
must play immediate attention to growth plate injuries to prevent long-term complications.
take to ED for x-rays and MRI to assess damage and guide treatment.
